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well good morning

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my name is duane brown with nasa's

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office of communications i want to

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welcome you and i will welcome the folks

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watching us from all over the country on

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nasa television

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today you will hear about mars

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exploration

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and the future

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the future that holds a human mission to

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mars

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today's event is coming from the most

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visited museum

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in the united states and you're going to

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hear more about that shortly for our

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official welcome

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as always you can learn more about

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nasa's mars exploration program on the

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mars

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the social media is abuzz

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with

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communication in the conversation join

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the conversation and normally we have

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one hashtag but when it comes to mars

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and excitement we have two

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hashtag mer10 or mura10

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and hashtag 10 years

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sit back

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put your seat belts on and let's go to

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mars ladies and gentlemen for our

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official welcome

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please

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thank you duane

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well apropos to the occasion

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the temperature in washington dc is

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about the same as you can find in some

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locations on mars

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it's my pleasure to welcome you to the

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national air and space museum i'm senior

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scientist and chair of the museum center

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for earth and planetary studies

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the museum is very pleased to host

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this program celebrating the remarkable

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achievements

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of the mars exploration rovers

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this 10th anniversary of the murr rovers

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marks what i consider to be a true

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milestone in the exploration of mars

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the national air and space museum has a

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long tradition

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in celebrating mars exploration it

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actually started with the opening of

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this museum and the viking landers in

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1976

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we continue this tradition today

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with this program

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and the opening of a new exhibit

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spirit and opportunity ten years roving

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across mars

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i invite you all to come visit this

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exhibit and see the stunning and i mean

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stunning images that have been returned

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by the rove of the the murrah rovers

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the myrrh rovers the curiosity rover now

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operating

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as well as the one remaining were myrrh

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rover

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and the fleet of spacecraft in orbit

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around mars

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and those to come promise an exciting

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future

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for mars exploration

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with that

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i'd like to introduce

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the moderator

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for the first panel today

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and that is dr pamela or pan conrad

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she is mars senior scientist at nasa's

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goddard space flight center

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pam

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thank you

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you all for coming here today this is

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about the coolest place you can go to in

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washington

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and this is a really special occasion

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anybody ever buy something and about a

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week after the warranty expires it

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breaks

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yes can you relate to that

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so who wouldn't fall in love with two

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awesome robots who lasted about a

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bazillion times longer than they were

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supposed to

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so that's why we're here today to

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celebrate those and with me to do that

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we have the principal investigator of

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the mars exploration rovers which is

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steve squires on the end there

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who's also an awesome guy a friend of

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mine

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dave lavery from nasa headquarters who's

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the program executive for the mars

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exploration program

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who has had much to do with making the

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technology that has enabled us to do

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this in the center there another awesome

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guy

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my right is john grant from the

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smithsonian institution awesome

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scientist awesome guy and my colleague

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on

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curiosity didn't know you were our dad

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did you

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and john's gonna start by telling us

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just a little bit about the background

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of the mission and we'll plunge right in

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so you can hear from these three guys

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who are really the experts so john take

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it away okay thank you pam if i could

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uh what i'd like to say is first of all

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when we go from a parent that's a golf

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cart sized object to something that's

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the size of a mini cooper i'm curious if

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we really know who the parents might be

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there

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what i'd like to start off with is just

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sort of a brief summary to remind you

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all about what the mars exploration

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rover's mission is about and if i could

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get the first graphic up i would do that

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here we go so as i mentioned they're

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about the size of a golf cart they've

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got quite a payload that you can see

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labeled around there there's cameras up

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on the the mast assembly at the top out

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on the arm there's a couple of

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spectrometers that tell us information

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about the compositional and elemental

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abundance of the materials that we probe

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there's something called a rat that i

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can't quite say with the same uh

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tone that that steve does but i'm sure

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he'll say it later it's great to hear

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him do it

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and there's also

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a microscopic imager which is sort of

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like a geologist hand lens that we can

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see the fine detailed textures

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and by way of putting all that together

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what we essentially get

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is a field geologist on mars something

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that can move around on the surface

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interrogate the rocks tell us something

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about the geologic setting the

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environments that were there in the past

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but more specifically

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what the role of water was in shaping

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those environments if i could go to the

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next graphic please

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well the new rover smell wore off after

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about 90 saws and they kept going and

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going and going and just to give you a

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hint they get dirty after a while and

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that's kind of what you see here this is

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an image from the gallery that just

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opened up upstairs

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but everything's still working in one

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form another there's a couple of

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instruments

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that have

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have stopped operating in the the way

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they were designed to but these rovers

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especially in this case opportunity

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which is continuing uh just are doing a

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fantastic job in making discoveries and

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exploring the surface of mars next slide

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please

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well where are they just to give you a

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reminder of where things have landed on

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mars in the past we're on opposite sides

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of the planet this was really tricky

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during the initial operations because

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things were literally 12 hours apart you

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could go from one floor in jpl to the

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other and it was like going from india

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back to the east coast of the united

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states everybody was either just waking

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up or going to sleep

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opportunity landed in a place called

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meridiani planum flat plains that had a

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hematite signature that was observed

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from space uh hematite often is in place

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in the presence of water so that was our

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sort of

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tempting attraction there for for uh for

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the rover

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spirit landed over in gusev crater i

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almost said gale crater because i was

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confusing it with curiosity there for a

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second and what we had hoped to find

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there were deposits laid down in a lake

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from a valley that drained into the

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crater

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we did find a number of very intriguing

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features related to a past history of

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water on mars i'll let steve talk a

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little bit about those in just a second

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next slide please

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both rovers far far exceeded the the

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shelf life as pan pointed out

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spirit

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after landing

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uh over here to the

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glare here over here to the west of

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bonneville crater went up to the rim of

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bonneville and then made a beeline down

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towards the columbia hills across some

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volcanic plains and then reaching these

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ancient rocks that had been shaped by a

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number of processes some of which

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included water and we'll hear more about

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that in a bit if we go to the next slide

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this shows the traverse made by

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opportunity it's been going a lot longer

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it's been going a lot farther we've

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basically run more than a marathon now

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with opportunity starting off an eagle

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crater up there at the top and now all

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the way down around the rim of endeavour

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crater this large

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uh mostly buried crater that allows us

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to interrogate rocks from beneath the

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plains that tell us something about the

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very ancient history of mars so with

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that i think i can move on to questions

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or other things related to the missions

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pam oh just a couple of questions listen

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you know you've got a lot of work in on

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these two rovers and you've done some

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work subsequently on the next rover what

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did these rovers teach you about how to

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explore mars well

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i have to say that the mars exploration

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rovers they're my they're my first

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mission so i really didn't know what to

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expect and steve

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to his credit i would say and much to my

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surprise early on approached me and said

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i'd like you to be a science operation

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working group chair

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that gave me an opportunity that i will

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never forget and thank him for many

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times to actually get involved in the

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day-to-day planning

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and you really have a different

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perspective when you understand what

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goes into getting the commands up to the

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spacecraft getting the data back and

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then repeating that process over and

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over again the efficiency that's

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required the teamwork that's required

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everything really has to come together

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between the scientists and the engineers

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to make it happen on a day-to-day basis

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and so that process of sort of

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honing

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what we do with our skills with the

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rovers to maximize the science we get

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back is something that i really came to

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appreciate over the mission

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you also did a lot of work in helping

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select the landing site where curiosity

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is and i wonder what did you learn from

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the mars exploration rovers that helped

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you with that process of selecting where

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to go on mars with the mars exploration

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rovers the landing ellipse as we call it

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the area that we targeted to land was

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quite a lot larger than it was for the

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mars science laboratory different

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landing system

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and because of that the targets that we

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were interested in needed to be somewhat

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distributed oh sure we had favorites but

285
00:10:16,630 --> 00:10:14,399
they needed to be kind of spread across

286
00:10:17,829 --> 00:10:16,640
the ellipse so wherever we landed we

287
00:10:19,430 --> 00:10:17,839
could get to the things that we were

288
00:10:22,470 --> 00:10:19,440
interested in because remember this was

289
00:10:24,069 --> 00:10:22,480
only a 90 day mission or 90 saw mission

290
00:10:25,910 --> 00:10:24,079
with the mars science laboratory we have

291
00:10:27,910 --> 00:10:25,920
smaller ellipses but there's also now

292
00:10:30,870 --> 00:10:27,920
this understanding that once you get

293
00:10:32,310 --> 00:10:30,880
down to the surface of mars

294
00:10:34,069 --> 00:10:32,320
you may have a little more time on your

295
00:10:35,910 --> 00:10:34,079
hands than you thought you did and so

296
00:10:37,990 --> 00:10:35,920
the idea that you didn't have to really

297
00:10:39,910 --> 00:10:38,000
land on your

298
00:10:41,509 --> 00:10:39,920
distributed targets to guarantee the

299
00:10:43,670 --> 00:10:41,519
science you could maybe land next to it

300
00:10:46,230 --> 00:10:43,680
and then move over to it opened up a

301
00:10:47,829 --> 00:10:46,240
whole new set of landing sites that we

302
00:10:49,590 --> 00:10:47,839
couldn't consider

303
00:10:51,670 --> 00:10:49,600
for the mars exploration rovers and to

304
00:10:53,269 --> 00:10:51,680
give you an example of that gale crater

305
00:10:55,190 --> 00:10:53,279
was actually a landing site considered

306
00:10:56,949 --> 00:10:55,200
for spirit and opportunity but we could

307
00:10:59,269 --> 00:10:56,959
never get the ellipse to fit within the

308
00:11:02,069 --> 00:10:59,279
crater safely to make that landing

309
00:11:04,470 --> 00:11:02,079
happen with curiosity the ellipse got

310
00:11:06,150 --> 00:11:04,480
smaller and the ability or the knowledge

311
00:11:08,230 --> 00:11:06,160
that once we got on the surface we had a

312
00:11:09,910 --> 00:11:08,240
rover that could last a little longer we

313
00:11:11,350 --> 00:11:09,920
could place that ellipse next to mount

314
00:11:13,590 --> 00:11:11,360
sharp this mountain that we're trying to

315
00:11:15,190 --> 00:11:13,600
get to and we'll get to and then drive

316
00:11:16,870 --> 00:11:15,200
over to it we didn't have to land right

317
00:11:18,550 --> 00:11:16,880
on top of it so it's kind of a

318
00:11:20,790 --> 00:11:18,560
difference in the philosophy of how you

319
00:11:24,069 --> 00:11:20,800
approach the site selection

320
00:11:26,870 --> 00:11:24,079
thanks john thank you so dave

321
00:11:28,870 --> 00:11:26,880
when i first became a scientist was

322
00:11:30,790 --> 00:11:28,880
right after the time

323
00:11:33,350 --> 00:11:30,800
of the pathfinder

324
00:11:34,710 --> 00:11:33,360
and sojourner was this little shoe box

325
00:11:36,710 --> 00:11:34,720
on mars

326
00:11:41,269 --> 00:11:36,720
how in the heck did you get from a shoe

327
00:11:45,269 --> 00:11:43,829
the process that we use to develop all

328
00:11:48,470 --> 00:11:45,279
the technologies and the capabilities to

329
00:11:49,590 --> 00:11:48,480
advance from sojourner on to uh

330
00:11:51,350 --> 00:11:49,600
spirit and opportunity and then

331
00:11:53,190 --> 00:11:51,360
following that on to curiosity is really

332
00:11:57,350 --> 00:11:53,200
a story that goes back easily more than

333
00:11:59,350 --> 00:11:57,360
20 years it just so happens by accident

334
00:12:02,550 --> 00:11:59,360
that i've got uh

335
00:12:04,310 --> 00:12:02,560
an example here this is actually a spare

336
00:12:06,310 --> 00:12:04,320
wheel from the sojourner rover which

337
00:12:08,310 --> 00:12:06,320
landed in 1997 on the surface of mars

338
00:12:09,590 --> 00:12:08,320
you can see the size of it and we had

339
00:12:10,790 --> 00:12:09,600
we're called grousers on the outside

340
00:12:12,310 --> 00:12:10,800
that was used actually give us some

341
00:12:14,310 --> 00:12:12,320
traction on the surface

342
00:12:16,629 --> 00:12:14,320
of mars as we drove and as a size

343
00:12:18,230 --> 00:12:16,639
comparison then this is a wheel from

344
00:12:20,710 --> 00:12:18,240
spirit and opportunity and you can see

345
00:12:23,269 --> 00:12:20,720
how they grew uh in overall capability

346
00:12:24,870 --> 00:12:23,279
in size just one comparing the other i

347
00:12:26,550 --> 00:12:24,880
would actually normally have excuse me

348
00:12:28,069 --> 00:12:26,560
so i don't have it with me right now but

349
00:12:29,590 --> 00:12:28,079
in comparison again you can see the

350
00:12:31,829 --> 00:12:29,600
increase from sojourner to spirit and

351
00:12:33,910 --> 00:12:31,839
opportunity it's a similar ratio between

352
00:12:35,990 --> 00:12:33,920
spirit and opportunities wheel up to

353
00:12:38,629 --> 00:12:36,000
curiosity which would stand about this

354
00:12:40,310 --> 00:12:38,639
big

355
00:12:42,389 --> 00:12:40,320
but

356
00:12:44,790 --> 00:12:42,399
the some of the technologies that uh

357
00:12:47,350 --> 00:12:44,800
were developed over the course of the

358
00:12:50,150 --> 00:12:47,360
intervening uh set of years between

359
00:12:52,470 --> 00:12:50,160
sojourner and spirit and opportunity

360
00:12:54,150 --> 00:12:52,480
were full of all sorts of technology

361
00:12:55,190 --> 00:12:54,160
developments and advances and actually

362
00:12:56,470 --> 00:12:55,200
um

363
00:12:58,389 --> 00:12:56,480
before i get too deep into that i want

364
00:12:59,350 --> 00:12:58,399
to bring up one image and then i'll talk

365
00:13:00,949 --> 00:12:59,360
a little bit about some of the

366
00:13:05,269 --> 00:13:00,959
technologies and what they were if i if

367
00:13:09,829 --> 00:13:07,190
um one of the things that happens in the

368
00:13:12,870 --> 00:13:09,839
course of uh spirit's mission is she

369
00:13:15,350 --> 00:13:12,880
returned over 128 000 images from the

370
00:13:18,150 --> 00:13:15,360
surface of mars and from gusev crater

371
00:13:19,110 --> 00:13:18,160
out of that 128 000 this is my very

372
00:13:20,629 --> 00:13:19,120
favorite and i actually went through a

373
00:13:23,269 --> 00:13:20,639
process actually looked literally at all

374
00:13:25,269 --> 00:13:23,279
128 000 and you think i'm joking but we

375
00:13:26,790 --> 00:13:25,279
actually did go through all of them um

376
00:13:28,069 --> 00:13:26,800
but this is my very favorite and it's

377
00:13:30,230 --> 00:13:28,079
for a reason that might not be

378
00:13:32,310 --> 00:13:30,240
intuitively obvious at first one of the

379
00:13:34,150 --> 00:13:32,320
things that we did with sojourner first

380
00:13:35,509 --> 00:13:34,160
and it proved out a capability and then

381
00:13:37,110 --> 00:13:35,519
followed with spirit and opportunity was

382
00:13:39,269 --> 00:13:37,120
utilizing what we call the airbag

383
00:13:41,670 --> 00:13:39,279
landing system which uh if you are

384
00:13:43,269 --> 00:13:41,680
familiar with it basically was a system

385
00:13:45,590 --> 00:13:43,279
where the we hit the top of the mars

386
00:13:47,030 --> 00:13:45,600
atmosphere about 12 000 miles an hour

387
00:13:48,710 --> 00:13:47,040
relative to the planet

388
00:13:50,870 --> 00:13:48,720
descended through the atmosphere slowed

389
00:13:52,870 --> 00:13:50,880
down so on a supersonic parachute the

390
00:13:54,870 --> 00:13:52,880
heat shield fell away the spacecraft

391
00:13:56,470 --> 00:13:54,880
itself fell below that

392
00:13:59,269 --> 00:13:56,480
and we had a series of airbags that

393
00:14:00,790 --> 00:13:59,279
inflated that then absorbed the impact

394
00:14:02,310 --> 00:14:00,800
shock of actually coming down and

395
00:14:03,750 --> 00:14:02,320
touching down the surface of mars the

396
00:14:05,509 --> 00:14:03,760
whole stacks were bounced around for a

397
00:14:07,189 --> 00:14:05,519
little bit then came to rest deflated

398
00:14:09,189 --> 00:14:07,199
the airbags and the rover and the lander

399
00:14:11,189 --> 00:14:09,199
all tucked up safely inside which then

400
00:14:13,110 --> 00:14:11,199
deployed that that system was first used

401
00:14:14,389 --> 00:14:13,120
for spirit for excuse me for sojourner

402
00:14:16,790 --> 00:14:14,399
and then later on with spirit and

403
00:14:18,470 --> 00:14:16,800
opportunity if you look at this image on

404
00:14:21,590 --> 00:14:18,480
the right hand side you can see some

405
00:14:24,230 --> 00:14:21,600
discolored sort of darker patches those

406
00:14:26,150 --> 00:14:24,240
are actually the bounce marks from the

407
00:14:28,230 --> 00:14:26,160
airbags as we came in and landed a

408
00:14:30,949 --> 00:14:28,240
gooseb crater with spirit

409
00:14:33,430 --> 00:14:30,959
and if you take a step back apart from

410
00:14:34,550 --> 00:14:33,440
the pure technology that was being used

411
00:14:36,629 --> 00:14:34,560
the time and the technical

412
00:14:38,389 --> 00:14:36,639
implementation of what was going on but

413
00:14:40,470 --> 00:14:38,399
philosophically look at this image and

414
00:14:43,189 --> 00:14:40,480
recognize it for what it is those are

415
00:14:44,389 --> 00:14:43,199
the footprints of a lander from earth

416
00:14:46,470 --> 00:14:44,399
from another planet

417
00:14:48,550 --> 00:14:46,480
coming in and disturbing the surface of

418
00:14:52,069 --> 00:14:48,560
mars for the first time

419
00:14:54,710 --> 00:14:52,079
that's a physical signal that we have

420
00:14:57,350 --> 00:14:54,720
arrived on another planet and left our

421
00:14:59,110 --> 00:14:57,360
mark to show earth is here

422
00:15:01,350 --> 00:14:59,120
philosophically i love that image and

423
00:15:03,509 --> 00:15:01,360
what it actually represents in terms of

424
00:15:04,389 --> 00:15:03,519
the arrival of this mission on this

425
00:15:05,990 --> 00:15:04,399
planet

426
00:15:07,269 --> 00:15:06,000
its destination and what we're supposed

427
00:15:08,710 --> 00:15:07,279
to begin to be able to do for the

428
00:15:10,550 --> 00:15:08,720
science mission

429
00:15:11,509 --> 00:15:10,560
you go to the next image

430
00:15:12,949 --> 00:15:11,519
now let's talk about some of the

431
00:15:14,310 --> 00:15:12,959
technology that actually was developed

432
00:15:16,389 --> 00:15:14,320
for these missions and what we were able

433
00:15:17,990 --> 00:15:16,399
able to actually utilize

434
00:15:19,670 --> 00:15:18,000
the big most obvious thing is we had

435
00:15:21,269 --> 00:15:19,680
these rovers that were now capable of

436
00:15:23,590 --> 00:15:21,279
going out and traversing across the

437
00:15:25,590 --> 00:15:23,600
surface of mars sojourn

438
00:15:28,069 --> 00:15:25,600
sojourner as a technology validation

439
00:15:29,829 --> 00:15:28,079
mission demonstrated the idea of putting

440
00:15:31,509 --> 00:15:29,839
instruments on a mobile platform and

441
00:15:33,269 --> 00:15:31,519
being able to move around to a

442
00:15:34,710 --> 00:15:33,279
destination that you saw that was

443
00:15:37,269 --> 00:15:34,720
interesting and possibly intriguing

444
00:15:38,710 --> 00:15:37,279
scientifically that was a literally a

445
00:15:40,389 --> 00:15:38,720
technology demonstrator to sort of

446
00:15:41,590 --> 00:15:40,399
validate the concept spirit and

447
00:15:43,430 --> 00:15:41,600
opportunity were the first time we

448
00:15:45,110 --> 00:15:43,440
actually did that operationally said

449
00:15:47,189 --> 00:15:45,120
okay now we we've proven that it can be

450
00:15:49,350 --> 00:15:47,199
done now let's actually go and conduct

451
00:15:51,509 --> 00:15:49,360
science through the eyes of a rover that

452
00:15:53,189 --> 00:15:51,519
can go to where we want

453
00:15:56,230 --> 00:15:53,199
as part of that process we had to think

454
00:15:57,829 --> 00:15:56,240
about how do you operate these rovers

455
00:15:59,269 --> 00:15:57,839
what we had done up until that point in

456
00:16:00,310 --> 00:15:59,279
time was basically look through the eyes

457
00:16:01,509 --> 00:16:00,320
the rovers look through the rover

458
00:16:03,910 --> 00:16:01,519
cameras

459
00:16:05,509 --> 00:16:03,920
pick a path sort of manually and then

460
00:16:07,350 --> 00:16:05,519
tell the rover to follow the path that

461
00:16:09,269 --> 00:16:07,360
we had designated

462
00:16:10,470 --> 00:16:09,279
it worked but it was a very slow process

463
00:16:13,189 --> 00:16:10,480
because every time we wanted to drive

464
00:16:15,670 --> 00:16:13,199
and do a turn or find a hazard we had to

465
00:16:17,030 --> 00:16:15,680
stop put humans in the loop loop back

466
00:16:18,550 --> 00:16:17,040
all the way to earth and do a full

467
00:16:21,189 --> 00:16:18,560
command cycle or sometimes two or three

468
00:16:23,990 --> 00:16:21,199
command cycles which could take days

469
00:16:25,590 --> 00:16:24,000
this image is a very important image

470
00:16:27,590 --> 00:16:25,600
what we did on spirit and opportunity

471
00:16:29,670 --> 00:16:27,600
was institute a set of technologies that

472
00:16:32,150 --> 00:16:29,680
would allow the rover to drive itself

473
00:16:34,790 --> 00:16:32,160
automatically to recognize hazards on

474
00:16:37,030 --> 00:16:34,800
its own and and find its own path around

475
00:16:39,030 --> 00:16:37,040
them basically some capabilities called

476
00:16:40,550 --> 00:16:39,040
auto nav

477
00:16:42,230 --> 00:16:40,560
and visa dom and a few other

478
00:16:44,550 --> 00:16:42,240
capabilities that allowed the rover

479
00:16:46,550 --> 00:16:44,560
instead of being commanded by humans to

480
00:16:48,790 --> 00:16:46,560
follow a very specific path that

481
00:16:50,389 --> 00:16:48,800
required the humans to avoid hazards

482
00:16:52,550 --> 00:16:50,399
instead we could sit there and say

483
00:16:53,990 --> 00:16:52,560
here's your destination you figure out

484
00:16:55,749 --> 00:16:54,000
how to get there

485
00:16:57,509 --> 00:16:55,759
and this photograph was the first time

486
00:16:59,910 --> 00:16:57,519
we ever had proof by looking at the

487
00:17:01,590 --> 00:16:59,920
rover tracks of the rover recognizing a

488
00:17:03,110 --> 00:17:01,600
hazard that little rock that's on the

489
00:17:05,029 --> 00:17:03,120
right hand side of the frame and

490
00:17:07,110 --> 00:17:05,039
actually actively guiding its path

491
00:17:09,189 --> 00:17:07,120
around that hazard on its own and then

492
00:17:10,870 --> 00:17:09,199
continuing on to its destination and

493
00:17:12,390 --> 00:17:10,880
this was about a month and a half after

494
00:17:13,750 --> 00:17:12,400
uh spirit had landed that she was able

495
00:17:15,590 --> 00:17:13,760
to do this for the first time that

496
00:17:18,309 --> 00:17:15,600
little sort of diversion in the in the

497
00:17:19,590 --> 00:17:18,319
wheel tracks is the indication of that

498
00:17:20,870 --> 00:17:19,600
and then the last one if i go to the

499
00:17:22,789 --> 00:17:20,880
next image

500
00:17:25,189 --> 00:17:22,799
that we also had as i mentioned this

501
00:17:27,270 --> 00:17:25,199
landing system that we had the basics

502
00:17:28,630 --> 00:17:27,280
behind the landing system

503
00:17:30,310 --> 00:17:28,640
had its roots going all the way back to

504
00:17:31,590 --> 00:17:30,320
the early mars missions the mariners and

505
00:17:33,990 --> 00:17:31,600
the viking missions in terms of the

506
00:17:35,990 --> 00:17:34,000
basic technology associated with

507
00:17:37,669 --> 00:17:36,000
um the heat shield

508
00:17:40,070 --> 00:17:37,679
the parachute system and everything else

509
00:17:41,669 --> 00:17:40,080
that was used to get down to the surface

510
00:17:43,990 --> 00:17:41,679
the thing that we had never known up

511
00:17:45,350 --> 00:17:44,000
until uh this point with the mer

512
00:17:47,350 --> 00:17:45,360
missions this is actually a photograph

513
00:17:50,390 --> 00:17:47,360
from opportunity

514
00:17:52,150 --> 00:17:50,400
was we had designed these entry descent

515
00:17:53,669 --> 00:17:52,160
and landing systems

516
00:17:55,430 --> 00:17:53,679
we had watched them work we'd watch the

517
00:17:57,510 --> 00:17:55,440
successful results

518
00:17:59,110 --> 00:17:57,520
we'd never been able to actually measure

519
00:18:01,029 --> 00:17:59,120
how well did the entry descent landing

520
00:18:03,190 --> 00:18:01,039
system actually work because we could

521
00:18:05,110 --> 00:18:03,200
never see it after the fact to find out

522
00:18:06,230 --> 00:18:05,120
was our engineering right on was it out

523
00:18:08,630 --> 00:18:06,240
near the edge of the performance

524
00:18:09,510 --> 00:18:08,640
envelope were we about to break or we

525
00:18:11,110 --> 00:18:09,520
were right in the middle of where we

526
00:18:13,190 --> 00:18:11,120
wanted to be we were fortunate enough

527
00:18:15,430 --> 00:18:13,200
that with in the case of opportunity we

528
00:18:17,510 --> 00:18:15,440
actually were able to drive up to the

529
00:18:19,270 --> 00:18:17,520
heat shield after it had impacted on the

530
00:18:21,029 --> 00:18:19,280
surface a couple months after the

531
00:18:22,630 --> 00:18:21,039
mission started and we'd landed and

532
00:18:25,029 --> 00:18:22,640
actually drive up to it and find it and

533
00:18:26,950 --> 00:18:25,039
examine it and look at the heat shield

534
00:18:29,430 --> 00:18:26,960
and see visibly how well it had

535
00:18:31,350 --> 00:18:29,440
performed its job and validate what the

536
00:18:32,870 --> 00:18:31,360
engineering models had told us should be

537
00:18:35,029 --> 00:18:32,880
happening with it that was actually a

538
00:18:37,190 --> 00:18:35,039
very interesting way of closing the loop

539
00:18:38,549 --> 00:18:37,200
on the engineering life cycle to do this

540
00:18:39,830 --> 00:18:38,559
we didn't dwell in this area for too

541
00:18:41,510 --> 00:18:39,840
long in addition to the heat shield

542
00:18:43,110 --> 00:18:41,520
coming down impacting this area there

543
00:18:44,549 --> 00:18:43,120
was also a metallic meteorite that's

544
00:18:46,150 --> 00:18:44,559
sitting right next to it

545
00:18:48,070 --> 00:18:46,160
we realized that this was a place where

546
00:18:49,590 --> 00:18:48,080
lots of heavy metal things came down and

547
00:18:51,190 --> 00:18:49,600
landed and so we didn't want to stay

548
00:18:51,990 --> 00:18:51,200
here for too long so we zipped right out

549
00:18:53,669 --> 00:18:52,000
of here

550
00:18:55,270 --> 00:18:53,679
right afterwards but there were that and

551
00:18:56,870 --> 00:18:55,280
many many other technologies that were

552
00:18:58,630 --> 00:18:56,880
developed as a part of the process that

553
00:19:00,470 --> 00:18:58,640
actually enabled us to put these rovers

554
00:19:02,710 --> 00:19:00,480
down the surface and have them live not

555
00:19:05,669 --> 00:19:02,720
just once or twice but many multiples of

556
00:19:07,830 --> 00:19:05,679
tens of times past their lifetime

557
00:19:09,669 --> 00:19:07,840
i gotta have that auto nav thing for my

558
00:19:10,950 --> 00:19:09,679
car so i can eat a pop-tart on the way

559
00:19:12,710 --> 00:19:10,960
to work

560
00:19:14,789 --> 00:19:12,720
actually in a way there are a lot of

561
00:19:17,430 --> 00:19:14,799
tech uh technologies that sourced and

562
00:19:19,190 --> 00:19:17,440
have common sources with what were flown

563
00:19:20,789 --> 00:19:19,200
with autonav and visit dom and some of

564
00:19:22,230 --> 00:19:20,799
these other technologies that are now

565
00:19:23,590 --> 00:19:22,240
making their way out in the into the

566
00:19:25,669 --> 00:19:23,600
market i think we've all heard at this

567
00:19:27,029 --> 00:19:25,679
point about the the google autonomous

568
00:19:28,230 --> 00:19:27,039
cars that are now traversing the

569
00:19:29,830 --> 00:19:28,240
highways

570
00:19:31,270 --> 00:19:29,840
the technology that is used on board

571
00:19:33,110 --> 00:19:31,280
there in fact some of the people who

572
00:19:34,549 --> 00:19:33,120
developed that technology have common

573
00:19:36,150 --> 00:19:34,559
routes back in the technologies that

574
00:19:37,990 --> 00:19:36,160
were actually flown on the on the mars

575
00:19:39,909 --> 00:19:38,000
rovers

576
00:19:41,990 --> 00:19:39,919
that is so cool

577
00:19:43,909 --> 00:19:42,000
i have more for you but first i want to

578
00:19:46,310 --> 00:19:43,919
go to steve steve

579
00:19:49,190 --> 00:19:46,320
i have three questions for you

580
00:19:50,870 --> 00:19:49,200
the first one is

581
00:19:53,510 --> 00:19:50,880
if you had known these things were going

582
00:19:55,430 --> 00:19:53,520
to last longer than 90 days

583
00:19:57,350 --> 00:19:55,440
would you have done anything differently

584
00:20:00,870 --> 00:19:57,360
during that first part of the mission oh

585
00:20:03,029 --> 00:20:00,880
yeah um you know i look back now at

586
00:20:04,149 --> 00:20:03,039
decisions that we made i mean john will

587
00:20:06,390 --> 00:20:04,159
remember some of this some of the

588
00:20:08,789 --> 00:20:06,400
decisions that we made we we landed with

589
00:20:10,310 --> 00:20:08,799
opportunity in this marvelous treasure

590
00:20:11,590 --> 00:20:10,320
trove of crater that we named eagle

591
00:20:12,710 --> 00:20:11,600
crater

592
00:20:15,830 --> 00:20:12,720
and

593
00:20:17,270 --> 00:20:15,840
we're still tooling around in this

594
00:20:19,350 --> 00:20:17,280
little crater there was wonderful

595
00:20:20,789 --> 00:20:19,360
science there but i'm thinking 90 day

596
00:20:22,310 --> 00:20:20,799
mission and we're going to spend half of

597
00:20:24,470 --> 00:20:22,320
we've spent half of it already in a

598
00:20:27,430 --> 00:20:24,480
little hole in the ground and so i told

599
00:20:28,789 --> 00:20:27,440
the team you know sol 60 60th day of the

600
00:20:30,310 --> 00:20:28,799
mission we're going over the edge and

601
00:20:32,390 --> 00:20:30,320
we're heading out across the countryside

602
00:20:35,430 --> 00:20:32,400
i don't care what we have found we got

603
00:20:37,310 --> 00:20:35,440
to get moving and you know in retrospect

604
00:20:40,230 --> 00:20:37,320
today's day

605
00:20:42,149 --> 00:20:40,240
3500 and something i would have given

606
00:20:43,430 --> 00:20:42,159
him a little more time

607
00:20:45,270 --> 00:20:43,440
had i known

608
00:20:49,590 --> 00:20:45,280
what's the most surprising thing that

609
00:20:53,590 --> 00:20:51,350
the most surprising things

610
00:20:57,350 --> 00:20:53,600
scientifically

611
00:20:59,029 --> 00:20:57,360
i think came right when we first landed

612
00:21:00,149 --> 00:20:59,039
with opportunity

613
00:21:03,830 --> 00:21:00,159
um

614
00:21:06,230 --> 00:21:03,840
i did not expect that the evidence for

615
00:21:08,710 --> 00:21:06,240
liquid water at and below the surface of

616
00:21:11,350 --> 00:21:08,720
mars was going to be that compelling

617
00:21:14,149 --> 00:21:11,360
that much in our face you know when we

618
00:21:15,590 --> 00:21:14,159
first landed um the spirit site

619
00:21:16,390 --> 00:21:15,600
we landed and what we saw was a bunch of

620
00:21:18,630 --> 00:21:16,400
lava

621
00:21:20,549 --> 00:21:18,640
and that was all we saw for geez

622
00:21:21,750 --> 00:21:20,559
months until we finally reached this

623
00:21:23,270 --> 00:21:21,760
range of hills that we called the

624
00:21:25,669 --> 00:21:23,280
columbia hills where we went up spending

625
00:21:28,470 --> 00:21:25,679
most of the mission opportunity it was

626
00:21:31,270 --> 00:21:28,480
all right there i mean just from day one

627
00:21:33,190 --> 00:21:31,280
we looked the first picture that we took

628
00:21:34,789 --> 00:21:33,200
there was layered sedimentary rock right

629
00:21:36,870 --> 00:21:34,799
in front of the vehicle to me the most

630
00:21:38,630 --> 00:21:36,880
surprising thing with opportunity was

631
00:21:40,549 --> 00:21:38,640
how easy it was

632
00:21:43,029 --> 00:21:40,559
and spirit spirit had to work for

633
00:21:46,710 --> 00:21:44,789
wow i would never have guessed that any

634
00:21:48,950 --> 00:21:46,720
of this was easy but you certainly make

635
00:21:52,390 --> 00:21:48,960
it sound like it

636
00:21:54,870 --> 00:21:52,400
when you look in the sky at mars

637
00:21:56,710 --> 00:21:54,880
and you realize that you still have

638
00:21:58,549 --> 00:21:56,720
tools up there

639
00:22:00,070 --> 00:21:58,559
and you think about what you'd like to

640
00:22:02,549 --> 00:22:00,080
know

641
00:22:04,630 --> 00:22:02,559
what is burning in your mind that you

642
00:22:06,149 --> 00:22:04,640
just like to get the answer

643
00:22:07,909 --> 00:22:06,159
it's funny that you mentioned looking in

644
00:22:10,149 --> 00:22:07,919
the sky at mars because i was i was just

645
00:22:13,190 --> 00:22:10,159
recently down at cape canaveral

646
00:22:15,510 --> 00:22:13,200
and i remember vividly

647
00:22:16,950 --> 00:22:15,520
in the summer of 2003 in the spring

648
00:22:17,909 --> 00:22:16,960
leading up to when we were about to

649
00:22:20,710 --> 00:22:17,919
launch

650
00:22:24,390 --> 00:22:20,720
it was at a time when mars was close to

651
00:22:26,630 --> 00:22:24,400
being in opposition when mars is uh

652
00:22:29,350 --> 00:22:26,640
close to the earth and so it burns very

653
00:22:31,590 --> 00:22:29,360
very bright red in the sky at night

654
00:22:33,270 --> 00:22:31,600
and dave will remember this vividly but

655
00:22:35,270 --> 00:22:33,280
as we were getting the rovers ready to

656
00:22:36,549 --> 00:22:35,280
launch we had all kinds of problems and

657
00:22:38,549 --> 00:22:36,559
it wasn't even clear we were going to

658
00:22:39,909 --> 00:22:38,559
get to launch we had mechanical problems

659
00:22:41,110 --> 00:22:39,919
we had electrical problems we had all

660
00:22:43,350 --> 00:22:41,120
sorts of things

661
00:22:44,870 --> 00:22:43,360
and we were working 12 14 hour days and

662
00:22:47,590 --> 00:22:44,880
i can remember

663
00:22:50,789 --> 00:22:47,600
going out on the beach at night

664
00:22:52,950 --> 00:22:50,799
and watching mars rise

665
00:22:56,710 --> 00:22:52,960
over the atlantic and it just

666
00:22:58,710 --> 00:22:56,720
seemed impossibly far away

667
00:23:00,710 --> 00:22:58,720
and now

668
00:23:02,789 --> 00:23:00,720
when i look at mars in the sky

669
00:23:04,149 --> 00:23:02,799
it's a totally different feeling i can

670
00:23:06,070 --> 00:23:04,159
look at mars in the sky at night and say

671
00:23:07,990 --> 00:23:06,080
yeah i know that place

672
00:23:11,110 --> 00:23:08,000
and we all do that's the beauty of it is

673
00:23:14,070 --> 00:23:11,120
we've all gotten the chance to

674
00:23:16,390 --> 00:23:14,080
observe mars to experience mars through

675
00:23:17,669 --> 00:23:16,400
the eyes of these rovers for

676
00:23:20,070 --> 00:23:17,679
for a decade

677
00:23:22,230 --> 00:23:20,080
and to to me the burning question is

678
00:23:24,070 --> 00:23:22,240
what it was back then and what it what

679
00:23:25,669 --> 00:23:24,080
it has always been for mars and that is

680
00:23:27,350 --> 00:23:25,679
was there ever life there

681
00:23:28,549 --> 00:23:27,360
you know and we don't have the answer

682
00:23:31,669 --> 00:23:28,559
yet but we're a lot closer than we used

683
00:23:35,270 --> 00:23:33,110
i want to go back to you for a minute

684
00:23:38,470 --> 00:23:35,280
john

685
00:23:41,430 --> 00:23:38,480
you because you have spent so much time

686
00:23:43,110 --> 00:23:41,440
thinking about places to land on mars as

687
00:23:44,789 --> 00:23:43,120
well as operating rovers on two

688
00:23:47,909 --> 00:23:44,799
different missions

689
00:23:50,390 --> 00:23:47,919
where do you think we should go next

690
00:23:51,830 --> 00:23:50,400
no commitment here just an opinion well

691
00:23:53,750 --> 00:23:51,840
i'm going to give you my diplomatic

692
00:23:55,510 --> 00:23:53,760
answer

693
00:23:58,070 --> 00:23:55,520
um

694
00:24:01,669 --> 00:23:59,830
sometimes when the landing ellipse is

695
00:24:03,590 --> 00:24:01,679
big there's an element of picking a

696
00:24:06,710 --> 00:24:03,600
landing site that's easier because

697
00:24:08,310 --> 00:24:06,720
there's fewer places you can go

698
00:24:10,070 --> 00:24:08,320
when we started looking with the mars

699
00:24:12,310 --> 00:24:10,080
science laboratory

700
00:24:14,230 --> 00:24:12,320
the number of compelling sites

701
00:24:16,549 --> 00:24:14,240
that we had to consider

702
00:24:19,510 --> 00:24:16,559
just blossomed because we had data from

703
00:24:21,510 --> 00:24:19,520
other spacecraft in the mars exploration

704
00:24:23,190 --> 00:24:21,520
program the mars reconnaissance orbiter

705
00:24:25,110 --> 00:24:23,200
the chrism instrument that can tell us

706
00:24:27,830 --> 00:24:25,120
information about the composition of

707
00:24:30,630 --> 00:24:27,840
rocks at the surface high rise and ctx

708
00:24:32,310 --> 00:24:30,640
that really detail the textures in the

709
00:24:34,390 --> 00:24:32,320
in the context that we understand the

710
00:24:36,230 --> 00:24:34,400
geology from we didn't have that for

711
00:24:38,390 --> 00:24:36,240
mars exploration rovers we had some

712
00:24:41,029 --> 00:24:38,400
pretty amazing data from the mars global

713
00:24:43,750 --> 00:24:41,039
surveyor but for the future ones we had

714
00:24:46,630 --> 00:24:43,760
the next generation

715
00:24:49,269 --> 00:24:46,640
it's hard i've got probably a list of

716
00:24:51,029 --> 00:24:49,279
a dozen favorite sites and i'm kind of

717
00:24:52,549 --> 00:24:51,039
holding back because i think what will

718
00:24:55,590 --> 00:24:52,559
happen as we start to look at the

719
00:24:57,830 --> 00:24:55,600
landing site process for the next rover

720
00:24:59,510 --> 00:24:57,840
is that we're going to get new data

721
00:25:01,590 --> 00:24:59,520
and we're going to have discussions with

722
00:25:03,990 --> 00:25:01,600
scientists in the public that is going

723
00:25:05,990 --> 00:25:04,000
to provide insight and so i think well

724
00:25:08,070 --> 00:25:06,000
here's my short list but i'm going to

725
00:25:09,830 --> 00:25:08,080
hold back a little bit and find out what

726
00:25:12,710 --> 00:25:09,840
we really learned at these sites and

727
00:25:16,789 --> 00:25:14,870
steve

728
00:25:18,549 --> 00:25:16,799
i've got a question for you

729
00:25:20,310 --> 00:25:18,559
when you think about the things that

730
00:25:22,310 --> 00:25:20,320
you've learned using the tools with

731
00:25:24,149 --> 00:25:22,320
spirit and opportunity

732
00:25:28,390 --> 00:25:24,159
and the things that you've learned you

733
00:25:31,190 --> 00:25:28,400
also investigate mars through curiosity

734
00:25:33,269 --> 00:25:31,200
what do you think is the relationship

735
00:25:35,750 --> 00:25:33,279
between the things you've learned

736
00:25:37,909 --> 00:25:35,760
with the mars exploration rovers and the

737
00:25:40,070 --> 00:25:37,919
things that you learn with curiosity and

738
00:25:41,350 --> 00:25:40,080
where does that send your brain for the

739
00:25:42,950 --> 00:25:41,360
future

740
00:25:44,630 --> 00:25:42,960
you know i think one of the key things

741
00:25:46,950 --> 00:25:44,640
that we learned

742
00:25:48,870 --> 00:25:46,960
with opportunity and spirit

743
00:25:50,630 --> 00:25:48,880
is that there's real

744
00:25:51,830 --> 00:25:50,640
sedimentary geology

745
00:25:53,990 --> 00:25:51,840
on mars

746
00:25:55,510 --> 00:25:54,000
uh before we landed with these rovers

747
00:25:57,830 --> 00:25:55,520
the only kind of rocks on mars that we

748
00:25:59,990 --> 00:25:57,840
really knew much about were lavas

749
00:26:02,149 --> 00:26:00,000
explosive volcanic rocks

750
00:26:03,269 --> 00:26:02,159
effusive volcanic rocks lava flows in

751
00:26:04,950 --> 00:26:03,279
other words

752
00:26:07,430 --> 00:26:04,960
um

753
00:26:08,870 --> 00:26:07,440
nobody really studied

754
00:26:11,669 --> 00:26:08,880
sedimentary rocks but the thing about

755
00:26:13,909 --> 00:26:11,679
sedimentary rocks is that they preserve

756
00:26:16,470 --> 00:26:13,919
in their details in their chemistry in

757
00:26:18,789 --> 00:26:16,480
their texture information about what the

758
00:26:20,070 --> 00:26:18,799
conditions were like when the rocks were

759
00:26:21,750 --> 00:26:20,080
laid down

760
00:26:23,830 --> 00:26:21,760
and the missions of these rovers

761
00:26:26,310 --> 00:26:23,840
especially the mission of opportunity

762
00:26:29,110 --> 00:26:26,320
turned into this marvelous story

763
00:26:31,110 --> 00:26:29,120
of sedimentary geology and that was what

764
00:26:33,909 --> 00:26:31,120
drove the selection

765
00:26:37,510 --> 00:26:33,919
of the the gale crater landing site uh

766
00:26:40,470 --> 00:26:37,520
for curiosity uh curiosity was largely

767
00:26:43,190 --> 00:26:40,480
designed to exploit the way in which

768
00:26:44,630 --> 00:26:43,200
sedimentary rocks can preserve evidence

769
00:26:46,310 --> 00:26:44,640
of what was going on at the time

770
00:26:48,070 --> 00:26:46,320
evidence not just of water that's

771
00:26:49,510 --> 00:26:48,080
preserved in the minerals but maybe even

772
00:26:51,510 --> 00:26:49,520
of organic materials that can be

773
00:26:53,590 --> 00:26:51,520
preserved within sediments so

774
00:26:56,549 --> 00:26:53,600
it it it sort of transformed our

775
00:26:58,549 --> 00:26:56,559
understanding of martian geology

776
00:27:00,549 --> 00:26:58,559
yeah and as an interdisciplinary

777
00:27:03,350 --> 00:27:00,559
scientist myself i i certainly

778
00:27:05,590 --> 00:27:03,360
appreciate how fabulous an opportunity

779
00:27:07,750 --> 00:27:05,600
it is if you'll pardon the pun to

780
00:27:09,430 --> 00:27:07,760
understand how the materials recycle at

781
00:27:12,470 --> 00:27:09,440
the surface of mars and look at those

782
00:27:14,710 --> 00:27:12,480
processes and so that brings me to

783
00:27:17,269 --> 00:27:14,720
you dave

784
00:27:20,389 --> 00:27:17,279
you know it seems like all of this stuff

785
00:27:22,870 --> 00:27:20,399
works together the orbital missions the

786
00:27:25,269 --> 00:27:22,880
missions on the surface until you start

787
00:27:27,110 --> 00:27:25,279
assembling the puzzle from the bazillion

788
00:27:29,990 --> 00:27:27,120
foot view

789
00:27:32,950 --> 00:27:30,000
tell me what you think we need next to

790
00:27:35,430 --> 00:27:32,960
get from our robotic exploration to

791
00:27:36,870 --> 00:27:35,440
human exploration

792
00:27:38,070 --> 00:27:36,880
i think one of the things that you're

793
00:27:40,789 --> 00:27:38,080
touching on

794
00:27:43,029 --> 00:27:40,799
really has to do with the incredible

795
00:27:46,470 --> 00:27:43,039
value associated with

796
00:27:49,029 --> 00:27:46,480
looking how to explore mars as a planet

797
00:27:50,389 --> 00:27:49,039
through an entire program of missions

798
00:27:52,149 --> 00:27:50,399
rather than taking each one of these

799
00:27:54,149 --> 00:27:52,159
missions individually and saying this

800
00:27:55,269 --> 00:27:54,159
mission is going to go and do this and

801
00:27:58,070 --> 00:27:55,279
it's all going to be completely

802
00:27:59,909 --> 00:27:58,080
self-contained and its data is going to

803
00:28:01,590 --> 00:27:59,919
be 100 complete when the mission itself

804
00:28:03,510 --> 00:28:01,600
ends and we stop there and then we'll

805
00:28:05,590 --> 00:28:03,520
just do another one instead we've

806
00:28:07,430 --> 00:28:05,600
structured a mars exploration program

807
00:28:09,750 --> 00:28:07,440
that takes advantage of and builds and

808
00:28:11,990 --> 00:28:09,760
leverages upon the information both in

809
00:28:13,990 --> 00:28:12,000
terms of technology and science learned

810
00:28:16,710 --> 00:28:14,000
by the prior missions and we start to

811
00:28:18,710 --> 00:28:16,720
extend the capabilities as a sequence of

812
00:28:20,070 --> 00:28:18,720
missions rather than just one individual

813
00:28:23,110 --> 00:28:20,080
mission at a time

814
00:28:26,470 --> 00:28:23,120
that that view and the idea of we have a

815
00:28:28,230 --> 00:28:26,480
campaign of exploration to explore mars

816
00:28:29,990 --> 00:28:28,240
really has been invaluable in terms of

817
00:28:32,310 --> 00:28:30,000
how we both structure the missions we

818
00:28:34,549 --> 00:28:32,320
have and also how we

819
00:28:37,510 --> 00:28:34,559
incrementally increase our understanding

820
00:28:38,950 --> 00:28:37,520
of what the planet is really all about

821
00:28:41,830 --> 00:28:38,960
that goal and then leading to an

822
00:28:42,870 --> 00:28:41,840
eventual human mission on mars is

823
00:28:45,029 --> 00:28:42,880
is

824
00:28:47,269 --> 00:28:45,039
the ultimate end goal of of the entire

825
00:28:48,710 --> 00:28:47,279
sequence the mars exploration program

826
00:28:50,870 --> 00:28:48,720
and that what we're trying to do is

827
00:28:52,789 --> 00:28:50,880
answer the series of science-based

828
00:28:54,389 --> 00:28:52,799
questions to help us understand the

829
00:28:56,389 --> 00:28:54,399
environment what it means both

830
00:28:58,470 --> 00:28:56,399
scientifically in its own right but also

831
00:29:00,149 --> 00:28:58,480
what it means in terms of resources that

832
00:29:01,190 --> 00:29:00,159
might be of benefit to a future human

833
00:29:03,430 --> 00:29:01,200
mission

834
00:29:05,269 --> 00:29:03,440
and that set of not having just one

835
00:29:06,789 --> 00:29:05,279
mission to go to the planet to answer

836
00:29:09,110 --> 00:29:06,799
just the human questions but rather

837
00:29:10,549 --> 00:29:09,120
saying we're going to incrementally

838
00:29:12,310 --> 00:29:10,559
increase our knowledge about those

839
00:29:13,510 --> 00:29:12,320
answers with each successive mission

840
00:29:15,430 --> 00:29:13,520
until we get to the point we actually

841
00:29:17,430 --> 00:29:15,440
fly people is the approach that we've

842
00:29:18,950 --> 00:29:17,440
had for the past decade and we'll

843
00:29:21,029 --> 00:29:18,960
continue to have until we eventually

844
00:29:23,750 --> 00:29:21,039
have human footprints on mars in

845
00:29:25,430 --> 00:29:23,760
addition to the robotic ones

846
00:29:27,350 --> 00:29:25,440
and now i've been hogging up all the

847
00:29:29,110 --> 00:29:27,360
questions and i think some of you have

848
00:29:33,190 --> 00:29:29,120
questions and so duane's going to come

849
00:29:34,389 --> 00:29:33,200
back up here and wrangle them

850
00:29:35,269 --> 00:29:34,399
thanks penn

851
00:29:36,630 --> 00:29:35,279
yeah

852
00:29:38,310 --> 00:29:36,640
of course we can't have a mars

853
00:29:40,789 --> 00:29:38,320
conversation without having questions

854
00:29:42,389 --> 00:29:40,799
from the folks joining us here and on

855
00:29:44,070 --> 00:29:42,399
nasa television and particularly on

856
00:29:46,389 --> 00:29:44,080
social media for folks

857
00:29:48,149 --> 00:29:46,399
here there's a microphone

858
00:29:50,549 --> 00:29:48,159
please make your way there

859
00:29:54,630 --> 00:29:50,559
and of course join the conversation ask

860
00:29:55,750 --> 00:29:54,640
questions two hashtags hashtag 10 and

861
00:29:58,870 --> 00:29:55,760
10 years

862
00:30:00,870 --> 00:29:58,880
on mars just a reminder also that this

863
00:30:06,149 --> 00:30:00,880
event is being launched live streamed

864
00:30:09,269 --> 00:30:07,430
mars

865
00:30:12,149 --> 00:30:09,279
my first question and i have my handy

866
00:30:15,590 --> 00:30:12,159
dandy little phone here i think this is

867
00:30:17,990 --> 00:30:15,600
going to be for dr squires

868
00:30:21,830 --> 00:30:18,000
from the social media world

869
00:30:26,310 --> 00:30:24,070
extreme temperatures and there's some

870
00:30:27,669 --> 00:30:26,320
buzz on the uh social media site that's

871
00:30:28,789 --> 00:30:27,679
is this

872
00:30:30,630 --> 00:30:28,799
how could this compare to the

873
00:30:33,990 --> 00:30:30,640
temperatures on the red planet

874
00:30:36,630 --> 00:30:34,000
this would be a nice warm day on mars

875
00:30:40,789 --> 00:30:36,640
the average temperature on mars today is

876
00:30:43,590 --> 00:30:40,799
about minus 60 degrees celsius so way

877
00:30:45,590 --> 00:30:43,600
colder than any place in the united

878
00:30:48,070 --> 00:30:45,600
states right now uh you know in the

879
00:30:50,389 --> 00:30:48,080
middle of the day on a warm sunny summer

880
00:30:51,830 --> 00:30:50,399
afternoon it might get up to about zero

881
00:30:54,549 --> 00:30:51,840
degrees c

882
00:30:56,310 --> 00:30:54,559
but mars is a really cold nasty place

883
00:30:57,590 --> 00:30:56,320
compared even to the coldest nastiest

884
00:30:59,430 --> 00:30:57,600
place that you can imagine in the united

885
00:31:01,430 --> 00:30:59,440
states right now

886
00:31:03,190 --> 00:31:01,440
okay let's uh take some questions here

887
00:31:06,070 --> 00:31:03,200
again i'm going to thank the national

888
00:31:07,509 --> 00:31:06,080
aerospace museum for hosting us and

889
00:31:09,350 --> 00:31:07,519
first question sir

890
00:31:12,230 --> 00:31:09,360
my name is mark goldberg and i'm a

891
00:31:14,710 --> 00:31:12,240
docent here at the air and space museum

892
00:31:16,549 --> 00:31:14,720
my question is given the increasing

893
00:31:18,470 --> 00:31:16,559
sophistication and success of the

894
00:31:21,830 --> 00:31:18,480
robotic missions

895
00:31:24,950 --> 00:31:21,840
what is the goals that would justify the

896
00:31:27,990 --> 00:31:24,960
risks and costs of sending a human

897
00:31:33,029 --> 00:31:31,110
i'm going to give you a partial answer

898
00:31:34,310 --> 00:31:33,039
with a promise that if we want to pursue

899
00:31:35,590 --> 00:31:34,320
it uh with some of the people who will

900
00:31:36,710 --> 00:31:35,600
be more qualified to give you an answer

901
00:31:37,909 --> 00:31:36,720
about the human missions we can make

902
00:31:39,909 --> 00:31:37,919
that contact

903
00:31:42,310 --> 00:31:39,919
uh contact for you afterwards

904
00:31:45,190 --> 00:31:42,320
but fundamentally nasa has been given

905
00:31:47,269 --> 00:31:45,200
the goal of in the long term having a

906
00:31:48,310 --> 00:31:47,279
human mission to mars

907
00:31:50,230 --> 00:31:48,320
and there's a couple of different

908
00:31:51,830 --> 00:31:50,240
reasons that we are pursuing that goal

909
00:31:53,909 --> 00:31:51,840
one it is part of the national space

910
00:31:56,549 --> 00:31:53,919
policy and part of the reason that the

911
00:31:57,990 --> 00:31:56,559
agency now has uh and is chartered to

912
00:32:00,870 --> 00:31:58,000
continue to explore

913
00:32:02,710 --> 00:32:00,880
but fundamentally beyond that it's part

914
00:32:04,789 --> 00:32:02,720
of what we've always considered a human

915
00:32:06,070 --> 00:32:04,799
imperative of exploration

916
00:32:08,230 --> 00:32:06,080
uh we

917
00:32:10,870 --> 00:32:08,240
have long sought to expand human

918
00:32:13,509 --> 00:32:10,880
presence beyond earth in a permanent way

919
00:32:15,269 --> 00:32:13,519
and mars is basically the first stop on

920
00:32:16,870 --> 00:32:15,279
what will eventually be a solar

921
00:32:17,830 --> 00:32:16,880
system-wide and hopefully well beyond

922
00:32:19,830 --> 00:32:17,840
that

923
00:32:21,830 --> 00:32:19,840
uh journey of exploration with human

924
00:32:23,669 --> 00:32:21,840
presence mars is the one that's beckoned

925
00:32:25,110 --> 00:32:23,679
to us from the very beginnings of our

926
00:32:27,430 --> 00:32:25,120
understanding of the solar system and

927
00:32:29,990 --> 00:32:27,440
been so intriguing to reach out and try

928
00:32:32,870 --> 00:32:30,000
to grab that it's the the place we want

929
00:32:34,789 --> 00:32:32,880
to get to next to explore and we'll be

930
00:32:36,389 --> 00:32:34,799
the one that we'll get to first because

931
00:32:38,389 --> 00:32:36,399
it's just the next stepping stone to get

932
00:32:40,630 --> 00:32:38,399
out into the solar system

933
00:32:42,310 --> 00:32:40,640
the itch of exploration

934
00:32:45,190 --> 00:32:42,320
exactly

935
00:32:48,950 --> 00:32:47,029
hi uh thanks to the panel i'm joe

936
00:32:50,149 --> 00:32:48,960
mascaro i'm a fellow with the american

937
00:32:51,669 --> 00:32:50,159
association for the advancement of

938
00:32:53,830 --> 00:32:51,679
science and i'm currently at the u.s

939
00:32:55,990 --> 00:32:53,840
agency for international development

940
00:32:57,669 --> 00:32:56,000
um my question is about the the kind of

941
00:33:01,029 --> 00:32:57,679
perceived competition between the

942
00:33:03,830 --> 00:33:01,039
robotic programs and the man programs

943
00:33:04,950 --> 00:33:03,840
and i'm really curious to know uh if if

944
00:33:07,029 --> 00:33:04,960
you think there's possibility of

945
00:33:09,509 --> 00:33:07,039
hybridizing the robotic and man programs

946
00:33:11,909 --> 00:33:09,519
i i know the fans of both programs are

947
00:33:13,430 --> 00:33:11,919
obviously really not uh in competition

948
00:33:15,750 --> 00:33:13,440
with the other program we'd all like to

949
00:33:19,029 --> 00:33:15,760
see sort of the the robotic and man

950
00:33:21,110 --> 00:33:19,039
programs move forward simultaneously

951
00:33:22,149 --> 00:33:21,120
i'm going to start the answer to that

952
00:33:23,909 --> 00:33:22,159
one and then i'm going to let steve

953
00:33:25,909 --> 00:33:23,919
answer it as well

954
00:33:27,909 --> 00:33:25,919
but i'll just say from the standpoint of

955
00:33:30,549 --> 00:33:27,919
someone who builds robots for their

956
00:33:32,149 --> 00:33:30,559
career and i'm a roboticist by

957
00:33:34,149 --> 00:33:32,159
background and that's what i've done

958
00:33:36,870 --> 00:33:34,159
even before i got into the mars program

959
00:33:39,190 --> 00:33:36,880
i can't imagine anything better than

960
00:33:41,750 --> 00:33:39,200
human footprints on mars

961
00:33:44,310 --> 00:33:41,760
the robots are there as precursors and

962
00:33:47,110 --> 00:33:44,320
they are there as the tools paving the

963
00:33:49,110 --> 00:33:47,120
way and we use them now because that's

964
00:33:51,590 --> 00:33:49,120
all we can do at the moment

965
00:33:54,789 --> 00:33:51,600
but there's no misunderstanding that our

966
00:33:57,350 --> 00:33:54,799
long-term real goal is human exploration

967
00:33:58,950 --> 00:33:57,360
of the red planet we use robots as tools

968
00:34:00,950 --> 00:33:58,960
to help us get there to figure out the

969
00:34:03,669 --> 00:34:00,960
best ways to make that happen

970
00:34:06,149 --> 00:34:03,679
but we are as roboticists massively

971
00:34:08,069 --> 00:34:06,159
excited about what we can do as people

972
00:34:09,349 --> 00:34:08,079
as well i think steve can talk

973
00:34:11,510 --> 00:34:09,359
particular about

974
00:34:12,710 --> 00:34:11,520
rates of exploration and effectiveness

975
00:34:14,629 --> 00:34:12,720
and throughput of science and things

976
00:34:16,550 --> 00:34:14,639
like that that really are enabled by

977
00:34:19,510 --> 00:34:16,560
human presence

978
00:34:21,829 --> 00:34:19,520
yeah i'm a robot guy but uh humans can't

979
00:34:24,389 --> 00:34:21,839
get to mars soon enough for me i did an

980
00:34:25,829 --> 00:34:24,399
interesting experiment once

981
00:34:28,470 --> 00:34:25,839
we were out in the field with one of our

982
00:34:30,470 --> 00:34:28,480
test rovers and it was exploring around

983
00:34:32,629 --> 00:34:30,480
and i had some geologists with me

984
00:34:35,510 --> 00:34:32,639
and i would watch the

985
00:34:38,149 --> 00:34:35,520
human geologists do their thing

986
00:34:39,589 --> 00:34:38,159
on earth and then i would convert i

987
00:34:40,950 --> 00:34:39,599
would time how long it took them to do

988
00:34:42,310 --> 00:34:40,960
things and then i'd convert that into

989
00:34:44,629 --> 00:34:42,320
equivalent

990
00:34:46,869 --> 00:34:44,639
time for a robot and what our

991
00:34:48,710 --> 00:34:46,879
magnificent state-of-the-art vehicles

992
00:34:50,470 --> 00:34:48,720
can do in a day these guys could do in

993
00:34:52,310 --> 00:34:50,480
about 30 seconds

994
00:34:53,750 --> 00:34:52,320
so i'm a huge huge fan of human

995
00:34:55,030 --> 00:34:53,760
exploration

996
00:34:57,349 --> 00:34:55,040
okay we're going to take

997
00:34:58,870 --> 00:34:57,359
question i think we have a young person

998
00:35:01,109 --> 00:34:58,880
here that

999
00:35:03,109 --> 00:35:01,119
may be that human person that goes to

1000
00:35:05,190 --> 00:35:03,119
mars and and we have a panel coming up

1001
00:35:06,950 --> 00:35:05,200
that's going to be talking about that

1002
00:35:09,349 --> 00:35:06,960
yes young man

1003
00:35:11,990 --> 00:35:09,359
hi my name is xavier um i'm from

1004
00:35:14,710 --> 00:35:12,000
virginia um are you sure there's water

1005
00:35:17,270 --> 00:35:14,720
on there was water on mars

1006
00:35:23,349 --> 00:35:17,280
we're sure there's water on mars yes

1007
00:35:28,069 --> 00:35:26,150
a geologist is sort of like a detective

1008
00:35:30,710 --> 00:35:28,079
at the scene of a crime you're looking

1009
00:35:32,710 --> 00:35:30,720
for clues and the clues are in the rocks

1010
00:35:34,550 --> 00:35:32,720
and spirit and opportunity our two

1011
00:35:37,349 --> 00:35:34,560
detectives have been looking at the

1012
00:35:40,150 --> 00:35:37,359
clues in the rocks for 10 years now and

1013
00:35:42,069 --> 00:35:40,160
the clues are certain

1014
00:35:44,790 --> 00:35:42,079
there's no question there was water on

1015
00:35:46,710 --> 00:35:44,800
mars and plenty of it okay let's go to

1016
00:35:48,630 --> 00:35:46,720
social media we've got time for a few

1017
00:35:50,710 --> 00:35:48,640
more questions and we've got another uh

1018
00:35:53,349 --> 00:35:50,720
panel coming up uh this is from at

1019
00:35:55,670 --> 00:35:53,359
shadow 404

1020
00:35:56,950 --> 00:35:55,680
and certainly for dr squiers and others

1021
00:35:58,390 --> 00:35:56,960
what in your opinion are the most

1022
00:35:59,750 --> 00:35:58,400
amazing discoveries from spirit

1023
00:36:02,630 --> 00:35:59,760
opportunity

1024
00:36:04,790 --> 00:36:02,640
and curiosity so far and why

1025
00:36:05,990 --> 00:36:04,800
i think the most important discoveries

1026
00:36:08,230 --> 00:36:06,000
from spirit

1027
00:36:11,030 --> 00:36:08,240
are that at the spirit site

1028
00:36:13,829 --> 00:36:11,040
we see evidence of early mars that was a

1029
00:36:16,870 --> 00:36:13,839
hot place a violent place there were

1030
00:36:18,790 --> 00:36:16,880
volcanic explosions there were impacts

1031
00:36:20,310 --> 00:36:18,800
there was hydrothermal activity there

1032
00:36:21,910 --> 00:36:20,320
were steam vents there may have even

1033
00:36:23,349 --> 00:36:21,920
been geysers

1034
00:36:26,230 --> 00:36:23,359
coming out of the ground

1035
00:36:27,030 --> 00:36:26,240
at the opportunity site we see evidence

1036
00:36:29,190 --> 00:36:27,040
for

1037
00:36:31,109 --> 00:36:29,200
ancient water that was beneath the

1038
00:36:32,550 --> 00:36:31,119
ground it was acid we run around saying

1039
00:36:34,710 --> 00:36:32,560
water on mars water on mars it was

1040
00:36:35,990 --> 00:36:34,720
really sulfuric acid on mars and it

1041
00:36:37,109 --> 00:36:36,000
leached stuff out of the rocks and then

1042
00:36:38,950 --> 00:36:37,119
it came up to the surface and it

1043
00:36:42,230 --> 00:36:38,960
evaporated away and made these fantastic

1044
00:36:44,790 --> 00:36:42,240
salt deposits at the curiosity site we

1045
00:36:47,190 --> 00:36:44,800
see evidence for water at the surface

1046
00:36:49,109 --> 00:36:47,200
but it was water that was an acid it was

1047
00:36:50,630 --> 00:36:49,119
water you could drink it was water that

1048
00:36:51,910 --> 00:36:50,640
would have been an environment that

1049
00:36:52,950 --> 00:36:51,920
would have been really favorable for

1050
00:36:54,710 --> 00:36:52,960
life

1051
00:36:57,510 --> 00:36:54,720
water you can drink

1052
00:36:59,990 --> 00:36:57,520
you could have whoa

1053
00:37:01,990 --> 00:37:00,000
not anymore

1054
00:37:03,670 --> 00:37:02,000
okay final question from social media

1055
00:37:04,950 --> 00:37:03,680
and keep those questions coming we have

1056
00:37:06,470 --> 00:37:04,960
another panel maybe we get those

1057
00:37:07,510 --> 00:37:06,480
answered uh or we'll get them answered

1058
00:37:09,270 --> 00:37:07,520
later

1059
00:37:10,390 --> 00:37:09,280
at libby doodle i wonder which is

1060
00:37:11,990 --> 00:37:10,400
crazier

1061
00:37:18,310 --> 00:37:12,000
airbag landing

1062
00:37:23,030 --> 00:37:20,310
it all depends on how you define crazy i

1063
00:37:24,790 --> 00:37:23,040
think um yeah

1064
00:37:26,710 --> 00:37:24,800
steve's right it's only crazy if it

1065
00:37:27,589 --> 00:37:26,720
doesn't work yeah they both worked and

1066
00:37:29,349 --> 00:37:27,599
so

1067
00:37:31,510 --> 00:37:29,359
you know how crazy are you i i will just

1068
00:37:34,470 --> 00:37:31,520
say that the the first time that we all

1069
00:37:36,069 --> 00:37:34,480
saw the airbag concept and we understood

1070
00:37:37,910 --> 00:37:36,079
uh really what was going to be involved

1071
00:37:39,670 --> 00:37:37,920
with so we're talking now back in the in

1072
00:37:41,430 --> 00:37:39,680
the early 90s

1073
00:37:43,990 --> 00:37:41,440
when the idea was first being discussed

1074
00:37:46,870 --> 00:37:44,000
and then immediately as the idea of the

1075
00:37:48,230 --> 00:37:46,880
airbags was being presented it was also

1076
00:37:49,349 --> 00:37:48,240
accompanied by the comment oh this

1077
00:37:51,910 --> 00:37:49,359
actually is an idea that goes all the

1078
00:37:53,990 --> 00:37:51,920
way back to the mid-60s and an idea for

1079
00:37:55,750 --> 00:37:54,000
a lunar lander that had come out of

1080
00:37:57,030 --> 00:37:55,760
russia and we all said you know maybe

1081
00:37:58,470 --> 00:37:57,040
there's something to this okay let's

1082
00:38:00,550 --> 00:37:58,480
study this somewhere and we sort of got

1083
00:38:02,310 --> 00:38:00,560
past the wow factor pretty quickly and

1084
00:38:03,910 --> 00:38:02,320
then realize that this is a very viable

1085
00:38:05,910 --> 00:38:03,920
idea and from the engineering standpoint

1086
00:38:06,710 --> 00:38:05,920
it all worked quite well and we got past

1087
00:38:08,150 --> 00:38:06,720
that

1088
00:38:10,230 --> 00:38:08,160
when we started talking about the sky

1089
00:38:11,750 --> 00:38:10,240
crane for curiosity

1090
00:38:13,430 --> 00:38:11,760
it was maybe a little bit of a different

1091
00:38:14,630 --> 00:38:13,440
story in a different reaction i remember

1092
00:38:15,750 --> 00:38:14,640
the very first time that it was sort of

1093
00:38:16,950 --> 00:38:15,760
presented to a large group of the

1094
00:38:18,390 --> 00:38:16,960
engineers

1095
00:38:20,069 --> 00:38:18,400
by the people who developed the concept

1096
00:38:20,710 --> 00:38:20,079
where we basically took the entire thing

1097
00:38:22,390 --> 00:38:20,720
that

1098
00:38:23,829 --> 00:38:22,400
we would typically have as a lander and

1099
00:38:26,150 --> 00:38:23,839
flipped it on its head and did

1100
00:38:27,670 --> 00:38:26,160
everything backwards and upside down and

1101
00:38:29,510 --> 00:38:27,680
and i think the first reaction from most

1102
00:38:30,829 --> 00:38:29,520
of the room was wow the 60s were really

1103
00:38:32,390 --> 00:38:30,839
good to you

1104
00:38:34,630 --> 00:38:32,400
um

1105
00:38:36,390 --> 00:38:34,640
but then again once you decompose it you

1106
00:38:37,910 --> 00:38:36,400
took it all apart and you understood why

1107
00:38:40,310 --> 00:38:37,920
you were doing each of these things in a

1108
00:38:42,310 --> 00:38:40,320
backwards upside down way

1109
00:38:44,069 --> 00:38:42,320
from an engineering standpoint it all

1110
00:38:46,230 --> 00:38:44,079
made sense so yeah there was this

1111
00:38:48,470 --> 00:38:46,240
initial are you out of your mind factor

1112
00:38:49,910 --> 00:38:48,480
that went along with it but very quickly

1113
00:38:52,230 --> 00:38:49,920
we realized

1114
00:38:54,310 --> 00:38:52,240
it was all very logical and it made

1115
00:38:57,270 --> 00:38:54,320
sense given the problem that we had been

1116
00:38:58,870 --> 00:38:57,280
presented with and so and then the as i

1117
00:39:01,430 --> 00:38:58,880
say the proof is in the pudding it

1118
00:39:03,349 --> 00:39:01,440
worked in all the cases so far

1119
00:39:04,790 --> 00:39:03,359
okay so the the last question here and

1120
00:39:06,630 --> 00:39:04,800
i've got one minute but this is this is

1121
00:39:08,230 --> 00:39:06,640
so important and i'm going to ask the

1122
00:39:09,510 --> 00:39:08,240
director to give me a couple of more

1123
00:39:12,150 --> 00:39:09,520
minutes here

1124
00:39:15,910 --> 00:39:12,160
uh and a quick answer from everyone uh

1125
00:39:17,670 --> 00:39:15,920
at from at alex cg what can citizen

1126
00:39:19,750 --> 00:39:17,680
scientists

1127
00:39:22,069 --> 00:39:19,760
in the community do to help with mars

1128
00:39:24,150 --> 00:39:22,079
exploration

1129
00:39:26,230 --> 00:39:24,160
they can do a lot of things um in fact

1130
00:39:27,829 --> 00:39:26,240
we've got programs involved with some of

1131
00:39:29,510 --> 00:39:27,839
the missions where

1132
00:39:30,870 --> 00:39:29,520
the data analysis

1133
00:39:33,030 --> 00:39:30,880
things like counting craters on the

1134
00:39:34,950 --> 00:39:33,040
surface counting rocks and their shapes

1135
00:39:36,950 --> 00:39:34,960
and their numbers tell us something very

1136
00:39:39,190 --> 00:39:36,960
fundamental about the geology and how

1137
00:39:41,190 --> 00:39:39,200
the surface has been shaped the public

1138
00:39:43,349 --> 00:39:41,200
is involved in that there's a variety of

1139
00:39:45,109 --> 00:39:43,359
ways that people can do that but just

1140
00:39:47,510 --> 00:39:45,119
looking at the images

1141
00:39:49,589 --> 00:39:47,520
becoming a scientist exploring the

1142
00:39:51,430 --> 00:39:49,599
surface of mars with us

1143
00:39:53,670 --> 00:39:51,440
i can't tell you how many websites there

1144
00:39:55,670 --> 00:39:53,680
are out there where you see people that

1145
00:39:58,150 --> 00:39:55,680
are literally following along with these

1146
00:40:00,310 --> 00:39:58,160
missions as as we as scientists are

1147
00:40:01,990 --> 00:40:00,320
working on them and by golly they're

1148
00:40:04,230 --> 00:40:02,000
coming to the same conclusions that we

1149
00:40:06,230 --> 00:40:04,240
are these people are involved they're

1150
00:40:07,670 --> 00:40:06,240
looking at the data they're learning

1151
00:40:09,670 --> 00:40:07,680
they're understanding mars they're

1152
00:40:11,510 --> 00:40:09,680
understanding geology so i think there's

1153
00:40:13,510 --> 00:40:11,520
a variety of ways to get involved and i

1154
00:40:16,550 --> 00:40:13,520
think those ways lead to very very

1155
00:40:18,550 --> 00:40:16,560
worthwhile and important results

1156
00:40:20,069 --> 00:40:18,560
and the one thing in particular i'd like

1157
00:40:21,510 --> 00:40:20,079
to point out in addition to that is as

1158
00:40:22,390 --> 00:40:21,520
john mentioned there are several

1159
00:40:23,910 --> 00:40:22,400
different

1160
00:40:25,510 --> 00:40:23,920
methods by which the general public can

1161
00:40:28,230 --> 00:40:25,520
be involved but also we have a couple of

1162
00:40:30,230 --> 00:40:28,240
very targeted activities and portals for

1163
00:40:31,990 --> 00:40:30,240
student involvement both formerly within

1164
00:40:34,710 --> 00:40:32,000
the classroom as well as informally at

1165
00:40:36,309 --> 00:40:34,720
home we are actively constantly seeking

1166
00:40:37,349 --> 00:40:36,319
out opportunities and have presented a

1167
00:40:38,630 --> 00:40:37,359
lot of opportunities for student

1168
00:40:40,069 --> 00:40:38,640
participation

1169
00:40:42,230 --> 00:40:40,079
doing things as john mentioned like

1170
00:40:43,750 --> 00:40:42,240
crater counting but doing uh various

1171
00:40:44,950 --> 00:40:43,760
different experiments to understand what

1172
00:40:47,030 --> 00:40:44,960
you're actually able to see in the

1173
00:40:48,550 --> 00:40:47,040
images looking at data associated for

1174
00:40:50,390 --> 00:40:48,560
example with the spirit the opportunity

1175
00:40:52,069 --> 00:40:50,400
rovers we have these little sundials on

1176
00:40:53,510 --> 00:40:52,079
board and actually presenting

1177
00:40:55,030 --> 00:40:53,520
information allow a student to take a

1178
00:40:57,349 --> 00:40:55,040
look at the sundial in the shadows and

1179
00:40:58,950 --> 00:40:57,359
determine by back solving where is the

1180
00:41:00,309 --> 00:40:58,960
rover on the surface of the planet and

1181
00:41:02,069 --> 00:41:00,319
relative to the angles of the sun that

1182
00:41:03,030 --> 00:41:02,079
are coming in and things like that so

1183
00:41:05,109 --> 00:41:03,040
there are all sorts of different

1184
00:41:06,950 --> 00:41:05,119
activities in particular targeted at

1185
00:41:09,190 --> 00:41:06,960
student involvement ranging all the way

1186
00:41:11,670 --> 00:41:09,200
from very low elementary school grade

1187
00:41:14,069 --> 00:41:11,680
levels all the way up through

1188
00:41:16,630 --> 00:41:14,079
undergraduate student levels at college

1189
00:41:19,190 --> 00:41:16,640
that will allow an even more in-depth

1190
00:41:20,710 --> 00:41:19,200
level of participation

1191
00:41:22,630 --> 00:41:20,720
and i think finally there's there's

1192
00:41:24,790 --> 00:41:22,640
another element to the to the student

1193
00:41:26,870 --> 00:41:24,800
involvement in particular um

1194
00:41:28,950 --> 00:41:26,880
those of us who built these rovers many

1195
00:41:30,069 --> 00:41:28,960
of us grew up in the 60s and the 70s

1196
00:41:32,470 --> 00:41:30,079
watching

1197
00:41:34,550 --> 00:41:32,480
mercury and gemini and apollo on

1198
00:41:36,790 --> 00:41:34,560
television and dreaming of sending

1199
00:41:38,550 --> 00:41:36,800
spaceships to mars someday

1200
00:41:40,470 --> 00:41:38,560
and then we got to do that

1201
00:41:42,630 --> 00:41:40,480
and i hope that part of our mission's

1202
00:41:45,270 --> 00:41:42,640
legacy will be that young people will

1203
00:41:47,109 --> 00:41:45,280
look at these rovers that we built we'll

1204
00:41:48,790 --> 00:41:47,119
look at the videos of us jumping up and

1205
00:41:50,230 --> 00:41:48,800
down on landing night like we just won

1206
00:41:52,390 --> 00:41:50,240
the super bowl

1207
00:41:55,030 --> 00:41:52,400
and will think to themselves that's

1208
00:41:57,030 --> 00:41:55,040
really cool

1209
00:41:58,870 --> 00:41:57,040
but i bet i could do better

1210
00:42:00,069 --> 00:41:58,880
and if that's part of the legacy of this

1211
00:42:00,870 --> 00:42:00,079
mission that'll be one of the greatest

1212
00:42:02,710 --> 00:42:00,880
things i think we could have

1213
00:42:04,069 --> 00:42:02,720
accomplished

1214
00:42:05,270 --> 00:42:04,079
ladies and gentlemen

1215
00:42:07,190 --> 00:42:05,280
without

1216
00:42:10,150 --> 00:42:07,200
further ado please give these folks and

1217
00:42:11,270 --> 00:42:10,160
that the team of thousands 10 years on

1218
00:42:23,109 --> 00:42:11,280
mars

1219
00:42:27,270 --> 00:42:25,670
wow 90 days to 10 years what what you

1220
00:42:29,349 --> 00:42:27,280
guys know how to build things made in

1221
00:42:31,109 --> 00:42:29,359
the usa right okay

1222
00:42:32,790 --> 00:42:31,119
uh don't change that dial we have

1223
00:42:36,150 --> 00:42:32,800
another panel coming up you're gonna see

1224
00:42:38,390 --> 00:42:36,160
folks moving around and you heard

1225
00:42:39,750 --> 00:42:38,400
humans the missions to mars

1226
00:42:41,030 --> 00:42:39,760
that's coming

1227
00:42:43,270 --> 00:42:41,040
stay tuned

1228
00:42:45,829 --> 00:42:43,280
the panel and you're gonna there's a

1229
00:42:48,230 --> 00:42:45,839
young lady who is really serious about

1230
00:42:49,750 --> 00:42:48,240
being the first person on mars so stay

1231
00:42:51,910 --> 00:42:49,760
tuned remember keep those questions

1232
00:42:55,430 --> 00:42:51,920
coming this is being live stream

1233
00:42:55,440 --> 00:43:00,470
mars go to our website www.nasa.gov

1234
00:43:04,470 --> 00:43:01,990
mars

1235
00:43:07,270 --> 00:43:04,480
the iconic coming to you from the iconic

1236
00:43:09,510 --> 00:43:07,280
smithsonian national airspace museum our

1237
00:43:11,349 --> 00:43:09,520
second panel tom waters is going to come

1238
00:43:12,870 --> 00:43:11,359
back and talk to you more

1239
00:43:14,630 --> 00:43:12,880
there's also a new exhibit that opened

1240
00:43:16,309 --> 00:43:14,640
perhaps tom can talk to you about that

1241
00:43:19,030 --> 00:43:16,319
don't touch that dial the second panel

1242
00:43:41,750 --> 00:43:19,040
is coming momentarily this is nasa

1243
00:43:45,349 --> 00:43:43,510
well again it's uh

1244
00:43:47,109 --> 00:43:45,359
my pleasure to

1245
00:43:49,109 --> 00:43:47,119
welcome you all here again to the

1246
00:43:51,510 --> 00:43:49,119
national air and space museum

1247
00:43:54,150 --> 00:43:51,520
uh the program has been fascinating for

1248
00:43:57,190 --> 00:43:54,160
me as a scientist a planetary scientist

1249
00:43:59,910 --> 00:43:57,200
and someone who's worked on mars

1250
00:44:03,190 --> 00:43:59,920
i'm never ever

1251
00:44:04,630 --> 00:44:03,200
left without just being amazed by the

1252
00:44:05,430 --> 00:44:04,640
discoveries

1253
00:44:08,390 --> 00:44:05,440
of

1254
00:44:09,589 --> 00:44:08,400
those two rovers and again i want to

1255
00:44:12,950 --> 00:44:09,599
invite you

1256
00:44:15,430 --> 00:44:12,960
all to come to the exhibit

1257
00:44:18,150 --> 00:44:15,440
that is opening this week and

1258
00:44:20,230 --> 00:44:18,160
just view the the absolutely stunning

1259
00:44:23,510 --> 00:44:20,240
images that have been returned by the

1260
00:44:27,270 --> 00:44:23,520
murr rovers with that it's my pleasure

1261
00:44:29,910 --> 00:44:27,280
now to introduce the second moderator

1262
00:44:32,150 --> 00:44:29,920
for today's program and

1263
00:44:33,589 --> 00:44:32,160
that is dr jim green

1264
00:44:36,390 --> 00:44:33,599
and

1265
00:44:38,710 --> 00:44:36,400
jim is the director of nasa's planetary

1266
00:44:40,630 --> 00:44:38,720
science division and i want to say a

1267
00:44:42,630 --> 00:44:40,640
real true friend of the national air and

1268
00:44:47,430 --> 00:44:42,640
space museum jim

1269
00:44:51,190 --> 00:44:49,430
this is just a fabulous venue to be able

1270
00:44:52,550 --> 00:44:51,200
to talk about what we're learning from

1271
00:44:54,870 --> 00:44:52,560
mars today

1272
00:44:55,829 --> 00:44:54,880
but this panel is really about the

1273
00:44:58,069 --> 00:44:55,839
future

1274
00:45:00,390 --> 00:44:58,079
what are our plans on mars what are our

1275
00:45:01,990 --> 00:45:00,400
next steps and i am delighted with the

1276
00:45:05,670 --> 00:45:02,000
panel that we have here today to be able

1277
00:45:07,349 --> 00:45:05,680
to talk about this on my right is dr

1278
00:45:09,910 --> 00:45:07,359
mary boytech

1279
00:45:12,230 --> 00:45:09,920
mary has got a number of degrees in in

1280
00:45:15,589 --> 00:45:12,240
biology biochemistry

1281
00:45:16,870 --> 00:45:15,599
uh oceanography and just a

1282
00:45:18,390 --> 00:45:16,880
fabulous

1283
00:45:21,750 --> 00:45:18,400
person to study

1284
00:45:24,390 --> 00:45:21,760
microbial life and life beyond mars or

1285
00:45:26,710 --> 00:45:24,400
pardon me life beyond earth

1286
00:45:29,349 --> 00:45:26,720
and beyond mars too you bet she is the

1287
00:45:31,750 --> 00:45:29,359
head of our astrobiology program and she

1288
00:45:34,309 --> 00:45:31,760
goes to work every day and talks about

1289
00:45:35,990 --> 00:45:34,319
how do we look for life and and what do

1290
00:45:37,829 --> 00:45:36,000
we need to do next to be able to

1291
00:45:39,109 --> 00:45:37,839
determine if there is life beyond the

1292
00:45:41,349 --> 00:45:39,119
earth

1293
00:45:43,750 --> 00:45:41,359
sitting next to her is john connolly

1294
00:45:45,990 --> 00:45:43,760
i've known john for many years

1295
00:45:49,349 --> 00:45:46,000
john is based out of the johnson space

1296
00:45:51,030 --> 00:45:49,359
center and he is the chief exploration

1297
00:45:53,910 --> 00:45:51,040
scientist working in the human

1298
00:45:56,790 --> 00:45:53,920
exploration directorate

1299
00:45:58,710 --> 00:45:56,800
at not only jsc but comes back to nasa

1300
00:46:01,670 --> 00:45:58,720
headquarters and works with us a lot

1301
00:46:03,589 --> 00:46:01,680
john's been involved in architecting

1302
00:46:05,990 --> 00:46:03,599
how we would get to mars through a

1303
00:46:08,150 --> 00:46:06,000
variety of what we call design reference

1304
00:46:08,870 --> 00:46:08,160
missions for a number of years

1305
00:46:11,109 --> 00:46:08,880
so

1306
00:46:13,190 --> 00:46:11,119
if anyone's going to help us get there

1307
00:46:14,550 --> 00:46:13,200
for humans it'll be

1308
00:46:16,309 --> 00:46:14,560
john connolly

1309
00:46:19,030 --> 00:46:16,319
sitting next to john

1310
00:46:20,790 --> 00:46:19,040
is dr john grunsfeld

1311
00:46:22,950 --> 00:46:20,800
dr grunsfeld has been at nasa

1312
00:46:24,470 --> 00:46:22,960
headquarters for the last two years and

1313
00:46:25,670 --> 00:46:24,480
he's the associate

1314
00:46:28,230 --> 00:46:25,680
administrator

1315
00:46:29,270 --> 00:46:28,240
of the science mission directorate

1316
00:46:32,550 --> 00:46:29,280
john

1317
00:46:34,790 --> 00:46:32,560
began his astronaut career in 1992

1318
00:46:36,470 --> 00:46:34,800
making five flights

1319
00:46:38,150 --> 00:46:36,480
and in those flights not only did he

1320
00:46:41,030 --> 00:46:38,160
have an opportunity to crawl around the

1321
00:46:43,750 --> 00:46:41,040
mer space station but from a scientific

1322
00:46:46,710 --> 00:46:43,760
perspective and one close to my heart he

1323
00:46:48,069 --> 00:46:46,720
was able to be on three hubble upgrading

1324
00:46:50,069 --> 00:46:48,079
repair missions

1325
00:46:52,470 --> 00:46:50,079
and of course hubble is uh is just a

1326
00:46:54,710 --> 00:46:52,480
such a fabulous asset not only for

1327
00:46:56,870 --> 00:46:54,720
astrophysics but in planetary science as

1328
00:46:59,430 --> 00:46:56,880
well we use it a lot

1329
00:47:02,069 --> 00:46:59,440
now sitting next to john

1330
00:47:04,390 --> 00:47:02,079
is really the next generation

1331
00:47:07,670 --> 00:47:04,400
of explorers

1332
00:47:09,030 --> 00:47:07,680
this is a lisa carter alisa

1333
00:47:11,430 --> 00:47:09,040
has won

1334
00:47:13,349 --> 00:47:11,440
is our first winner of the nasa passport

1335
00:47:16,870 --> 00:47:13,359
program i know she'll tell us all about

1336
00:47:19,510 --> 00:47:16,880
that she's from uh louisiana

1337
00:47:21,910 --> 00:47:19,520
and she speaks several languages and of

1338
00:47:25,030 --> 00:47:21,920
course her from her perspective and ours

1339
00:47:27,910 --> 00:47:25,040
too she wants to be that next

1340
00:47:31,030 --> 00:47:27,920
uh person going to mars that first next

1341
00:47:33,670 --> 00:47:31,040
generation on mars that first human to

1342
00:47:35,990 --> 00:47:33,680
walk on the surface of mars

1343
00:47:38,230 --> 00:47:36,000
so with this distinguished panel let's

1344
00:47:40,549 --> 00:47:38,240
talk about the future

1345
00:47:41,670 --> 00:47:40,559
but before i do that and if i have my

1346
00:47:43,109 --> 00:47:41,680
first slide

1347
00:47:45,750 --> 00:47:43,119
i want to talk about some of our

1348
00:47:47,829 --> 00:47:45,760
operational assets that we have today

1349
00:47:49,750 --> 00:47:47,839
we've learned a lot about opportunity

1350
00:47:51,109 --> 00:47:49,760
which is still operating on the surface

1351
00:47:52,549 --> 00:47:51,119
and of course

1352
00:47:53,589 --> 00:47:52,559
spirit

1353
00:47:55,670 --> 00:47:53,599
which

1354
00:47:58,630 --> 00:47:55,680
didn't survive our our last couple

1355
00:48:00,790 --> 00:47:58,640
winners and and is not uh probably going

1356
00:48:03,190 --> 00:48:00,800
to come back to life

1357
00:48:05,190 --> 00:48:03,200
opportunity is working uh fabulous as we

1358
00:48:07,829 --> 00:48:05,200
as we've heard but we also have another

1359
00:48:09,750 --> 00:48:07,839
rover on mars it's called curiosity

1360
00:48:11,589 --> 00:48:09,760
in curiosity mary has been very much

1361
00:48:13,109 --> 00:48:11,599
involved in some of the uh some of the

1362
00:48:15,030 --> 00:48:13,119
data and some of the activities there

1363
00:48:16,630 --> 00:48:15,040
and we'll have an opportunity to talk a

1364
00:48:17,990 --> 00:48:16,640
little bit about her perspective on

1365
00:48:20,630 --> 00:48:18,000
curiosity

1366
00:48:22,470 --> 00:48:20,640
but what really helps make those

1367
00:48:24,870 --> 00:48:22,480
rovers work

1368
00:48:26,710 --> 00:48:24,880
is our orbital assets

1369
00:48:28,630 --> 00:48:26,720
we have three orbital assets there

1370
00:48:30,230 --> 00:48:28,640
currently and they are

1371
00:48:32,829 --> 00:48:30,240
mars odyssey

1372
00:48:35,430 --> 00:48:32,839
mars reconnaissance orbiter and mars

1373
00:48:37,510 --> 00:48:35,440
express and these are the guys that help

1374
00:48:38,470 --> 00:48:37,520
support not only the rovers on the

1375
00:48:40,390 --> 00:48:38,480
ground

1376
00:48:42,309 --> 00:48:40,400
and our pla and our landers that we've

1377
00:48:45,990 --> 00:48:42,319
had in the past

1378
00:48:48,549 --> 00:48:46,000
but they also make fabulous measurements

1379
00:48:50,790 --> 00:48:48,559
from space of the areas that the that

1380
00:48:54,230 --> 00:48:50,800
the rovers are moving into and actually

1381
00:48:55,990 --> 00:48:54,240
look now also for upcoming uh sites and

1382
00:48:58,390 --> 00:48:56,000
as john grant mentioned earlier there

1383
00:49:01,349 --> 00:48:58,400
are plenty of sites and exciting sites

1384
00:49:03,750 --> 00:49:01,359
to go to uh on mars that will also

1385
00:49:06,630 --> 00:49:03,760
enable us to learn much more about that

1386
00:49:09,190 --> 00:49:06,640
environment and move forward

1387
00:49:10,710 --> 00:49:09,200
recently in november we launched

1388
00:49:14,309 --> 00:49:10,720
maven

1389
00:49:17,190 --> 00:49:14,319
at mars in

1390
00:49:19,190 --> 00:49:17,200
september of uh of this year

1391
00:49:21,990 --> 00:49:19,200
uh maven is also going to join our

1392
00:49:23,910 --> 00:49:22,000
orbiter assets but it's going to look at

1393
00:49:26,150 --> 00:49:23,920
uh the interaction between the solar

1394
00:49:29,109 --> 00:49:26,160
wind the ionosphere and the atmosphere

1395
00:49:31,829 --> 00:49:29,119
of mars to see what it's like in a

1396
00:49:33,030 --> 00:49:31,839
planet that has no magnetic field it's

1397
00:49:34,790 --> 00:49:33,040
going to allow us to make a lot of

1398
00:49:36,549 --> 00:49:34,800
comparisons between what mars

1399
00:49:38,470 --> 00:49:36,559
environment is like in the earth's

1400
00:49:39,910 --> 00:49:38,480
environment and why they are so

1401
00:49:41,670 --> 00:49:39,920
different

1402
00:49:43,910 --> 00:49:41,680
now the future we'll talk about a little

1403
00:49:46,309 --> 00:49:43,920
later on but those are the basic orbital

1404
00:49:49,510 --> 00:49:46,319
assets that i wanted to start with

1405
00:49:52,390 --> 00:49:49,520
now what are our next steps on mars how

1406
00:49:54,870 --> 00:49:52,400
how will humans be able to

1407
00:49:56,950 --> 00:49:54,880
make those plans and execute those plans

1408
00:49:58,630 --> 00:49:56,960
over the next several years

1409
00:50:00,470 --> 00:49:58,640
and one of the burning questions that we

1410
00:50:02,309 --> 00:50:00,480
want to know well first from a

1411
00:50:04,710 --> 00:50:02,319
scientific perspective

1412
00:50:07,750 --> 00:50:04,720
we really want to know is there life on

1413
00:50:11,109 --> 00:50:07,760
mars is there life can life exist beyond

1414
00:50:13,190 --> 00:50:11,119
the atmosphere of the earth and so for

1415
00:50:14,950 --> 00:50:13,200
that i'd like to turn to mary and have

1416
00:50:17,030 --> 00:50:14,960
her give us a little explanation of what

1417
00:50:19,750 --> 00:50:17,040
we're up to in that area to determine

1418
00:50:22,069 --> 00:50:19,760
and understand these basic uh uh answer

1419
00:50:27,109 --> 00:50:22,079
these basic questions thank you jim

1420
00:50:31,190 --> 00:50:28,549
so um i'm going to tell you about

1421
00:50:33,030 --> 00:50:31,200
astrobiology it's the program that i run

1422
00:50:35,829 --> 00:50:33,040
i'll begin by telling you what it isn't

1423
00:50:38,950 --> 00:50:35,839
it isn't science fiction and it isn't

1424
00:50:41,430 --> 00:50:38,960
alien autopsies what it is is the study

1425
00:50:43,510 --> 00:50:41,440
of life in the context of the universe

1426
00:50:46,870 --> 00:50:43,520
and we focus on three fundamental

1427
00:50:48,549 --> 00:50:46,880
questions how did life begin and evolve

1428
00:50:50,790 --> 00:50:48,559
does life exist elsewhere in the

1429
00:50:54,309 --> 00:50:50,800
universe beyond earth and what is the

1430
00:50:56,309 --> 00:50:54,319
future for life here on earth and beyond

1431
00:50:59,349 --> 00:50:56,319
it's a program that's been ongoing at

1432
00:51:01,589 --> 00:50:59,359
nasa since the the mid 60s

1433
00:51:03,829 --> 00:51:01,599
addressing all of these questions now

1434
00:51:06,870 --> 00:51:03,839
one of the aspects of astrobiology is

1435
00:51:09,430 --> 00:51:06,880
that we have only or we only know of one

1436
00:51:10,630 --> 00:51:09,440
place in our universe in our solar

1437
00:51:12,150 --> 00:51:10,640
system

1438
00:51:14,309 --> 00:51:12,160
where there is life and that's here on

1439
00:51:15,750 --> 00:51:14,319
earth so we begin our study to

1440
00:51:17,510 --> 00:51:15,760
understand the potential for life

1441
00:51:20,829 --> 00:51:17,520
elsewhere by understanding as much as we

1442
00:51:23,670 --> 00:51:20,839
can about life here on earth next

1443
00:51:26,230 --> 00:51:23,680
slide so what have we learned about

1444
00:51:28,390 --> 00:51:26,240
searching for life by studying the earth

1445
00:51:30,710 --> 00:51:28,400
we've learned that they're really tough

1446
00:51:31,910 --> 00:51:30,720
um you find life almost everywhere we

1447
00:51:33,510 --> 00:51:31,920
look on this planet and i'm going to

1448
00:51:35,910 --> 00:51:33,520
talk a little bit about those extreme

1449
00:51:37,430 --> 00:51:35,920
environments and those extremophiles

1450
00:51:39,670 --> 00:51:37,440
those that like

1451
00:51:41,910 --> 00:51:39,680
those extreme environments life is

1452
00:51:44,710 --> 00:51:41,920
tenacious it survives

1453
00:51:47,589 --> 00:51:44,720
for many many generations under severe

1454
00:51:50,470 --> 00:51:47,599
conditions it's metabolically diverse it

1455
00:51:52,950 --> 00:51:50,480
eats everything it breeds anything

1456
00:51:55,750 --> 00:51:52,960
and it's when conditions are extremely

1457
00:51:58,390 --> 00:51:55,760
tough life moves inside the rocks

1458
00:51:59,670 --> 00:51:58,400
next slide please

1459
00:52:02,309 --> 00:51:59,680
so i'm going to go through what i call

1460
00:52:04,710 --> 00:52:02,319
the x-files or extremophiles

1461
00:52:07,190 --> 00:52:04,720
and just tell you about the the record

1462
00:52:09,030 --> 00:52:07,200
breakers for each of these categories

1463
00:52:10,950 --> 00:52:09,040
so up in the left-hand corner of my

1464
00:52:12,069 --> 00:52:10,960
slide there's a picture of the grand

1465
00:52:14,790 --> 00:52:12,079
prismatic

1466
00:52:17,109 --> 00:52:14,800
um spring in yellowstone and the

1467
00:52:18,470 --> 00:52:17,119
temperatures in this environment exceed

1468
00:52:19,510 --> 00:52:18,480
boiling

1469
00:52:21,349 --> 00:52:19,520
and the

1470
00:52:24,069 --> 00:52:21,359
highest temperature that we've

1471
00:52:26,150 --> 00:52:24,079
observed uh organisms growing and of

1472
00:52:30,069 --> 00:52:26,160
course these are microorganisms

1473
00:52:31,270 --> 00:52:30,079
is 121 degrees c water boils at 100 c

1474
00:52:34,150 --> 00:52:31,280
and i'll just point out that

1475
00:52:36,790 --> 00:52:34,160
extremophile or an extreme environment

1476
00:52:38,630 --> 00:52:36,800
is an anthropocentric definition it's an

1477
00:52:40,470 --> 00:52:38,640
environment that we as humans don't

1478
00:52:42,790 --> 00:52:40,480
think we would like to live in or could

1479
00:52:45,030 --> 00:52:42,800
even live in but in fact

1480
00:52:47,349 --> 00:52:45,040
there are organisms microorganisms on

1481
00:52:49,270 --> 00:52:47,359
earth that do just fine

1482
00:52:51,349 --> 00:52:49,280
now the coldest these are examples of

1483
00:52:53,430 --> 00:52:51,359
places in the arctic and antarctic where

1484
00:52:56,230 --> 00:52:53,440
organisms can live in ice or at

1485
00:52:58,549 --> 00:52:56,240
temperatures below freezing so the

1486
00:53:01,190 --> 00:52:58,559
record for cell replication or

1487
00:53:04,230 --> 00:53:01,200
the increase in and growth in cells is

1488
00:53:06,549 --> 00:53:04,240
minus 15 degrees c and remember water

1489
00:53:08,950 --> 00:53:06,559
freezes at zero

1490
00:53:11,030 --> 00:53:08,960
metabolism is even lower you can get it

1491
00:53:14,150 --> 00:53:11,040
to minus 20 and we have found cells that

1492
00:53:15,910 --> 00:53:14,160
survive for decades even millennia in

1493
00:53:17,430 --> 00:53:15,920
permafrost where temperatures can reach

1494
00:53:23,990 --> 00:53:17,440
minus 40.

1495
00:53:24,000 --> 00:53:29,190
okay the next one

1496
00:53:29,200 --> 00:53:32,150
there's no more

1497
00:53:35,109 --> 00:53:34,150
no i had five all right well let me tell

1498
00:53:37,750 --> 00:53:35,119
you about some other extreme

1499
00:53:39,349 --> 00:53:37,760
environments um we have records in

1500
00:53:42,309 --> 00:53:39,359
acidic environments

1501
00:53:44,150 --> 00:53:42,319
so everyone knows that that a neutral ph

1502
00:53:46,710 --> 00:53:44,160
or what our water tends to be around six

1503
00:53:47,589 --> 00:53:46,720
or seven the ocean is eight a ph of

1504
00:53:48,710 --> 00:53:47,599
eight

1505
00:53:51,990 --> 00:53:48,720
uh

1506
00:53:54,069 --> 00:53:52,000
battery acid is a ph of two coke is a ph

1507
00:53:58,630 --> 00:53:54,079
of three and we have organisms that can

1508
00:54:01,109 --> 00:53:58,640
live at ph zero not us microorganisms

1509
00:54:03,030 --> 00:54:01,119
the other end of the spectrum high ph's

1510
00:54:04,470 --> 00:54:03,040
this is something we call basic

1511
00:54:07,109 --> 00:54:04,480
environments

1512
00:54:10,150 --> 00:54:07,119
lye the stuff that you use to remove

1513
00:54:12,630 --> 00:54:10,160
hair and fur when you're tanning leather

1514
00:54:14,870 --> 00:54:12,640
is something like 12 or 13. we have

1515
00:54:16,630 --> 00:54:14,880
organisms that can live in a ph of 14 at

1516
00:54:18,950 --> 00:54:16,640
the top of the scale again

1517
00:54:21,430 --> 00:54:18,960
microorganisms that can have adapted to

1518
00:54:23,190 --> 00:54:21,440
these incredible environment

1519
00:54:25,430 --> 00:54:23,200
in addition we have organisms that are

1520
00:54:28,069 --> 00:54:25,440
able to withstand really high levels of

1521
00:54:31,030 --> 00:54:28,079
radiation we've isolated

1522
00:54:34,069 --> 00:54:31,040
organisms from cooling towers at

1523
00:54:37,109 --> 00:54:34,079
nuclear power plants we've isolated one

1524
00:54:39,589 --> 00:54:37,119
of the most famous organisms dinococcus

1525
00:54:41,349 --> 00:54:39,599
from inside a can of spam now what was

1526
00:54:44,390 --> 00:54:41,359
it doing inside a can of spam it was

1527
00:54:46,950 --> 00:54:44,400
part of a set of experiments looking at

1528
00:54:48,309 --> 00:54:46,960
how you could preserve food using gamma

1529
00:54:51,270 --> 00:54:48,319
radiation

1530
00:54:53,990 --> 00:54:51,280
and it was able to exist and grow even

1531
00:54:55,829 --> 00:54:54,000
after spam had been irradiated a number

1532
00:54:57,030 --> 00:54:55,839
of times with gamma radiation and very

1533
00:55:00,069 --> 00:54:57,040
high levels

1534
00:55:02,630 --> 00:55:00,079
it these organisms we stand a radiation

1535
00:55:05,349 --> 00:55:02,640
that's on the order of ten thousand

1536
00:55:07,670 --> 00:55:05,359
times what we as humans can withstand

1537
00:55:10,470 --> 00:55:07,680
and then finally organisms are able to

1538
00:55:13,270 --> 00:55:10,480
understand withstand really really dry

1539
00:55:15,349 --> 00:55:13,280
environments these are called zero files

1540
00:55:16,549 --> 00:55:15,359
and one of the ways that they survive it

1541
00:55:19,190 --> 00:55:16,559
and unfortunately i can't show you a

1542
00:55:21,510 --> 00:55:19,200
picture of it is they move into rocks so

1543
00:55:24,470 --> 00:55:21,520
in the dry valleys which is one of the

1544
00:55:27,109 --> 00:55:24,480
driest places on earth of antarctica you

1545
00:55:28,390 --> 00:55:27,119
find organisms actually living inside of

1546
00:55:31,829 --> 00:55:28,400
rock

1547
00:55:33,430 --> 00:55:31,839
able to make a living to grow to grow to

1548
00:55:34,710 --> 00:55:33,440
a level where you can actually visibly

1549
00:55:37,349 --> 00:55:34,720
see

1550
00:55:38,950 --> 00:55:37,359
a band of color where they can grow in

1551
00:55:41,910 --> 00:55:38,960
this rock

1552
00:55:44,150 --> 00:55:41,920
so um this is where we begin our search

1553
00:55:46,630 --> 00:55:44,160
in defining what the limits to life are

1554
00:55:48,549 --> 00:55:46,640
here on earth in order to understand the

1555
00:55:50,230 --> 00:55:48,559
type of environments that we can look

1556
00:55:53,349 --> 00:55:50,240
for those environments that are

1557
00:55:55,349 --> 00:55:53,359
habitable that could be located on mars

1558
00:55:57,349 --> 00:55:55,359
or other places in our solar system and

1559
00:55:59,430 --> 00:55:57,359
of course beyond and i think i'll just

1560
00:56:00,950 --> 00:55:59,440
stop there for now and let other people

1561
00:56:02,390 --> 00:56:00,960
speak

1562
00:56:05,510 --> 00:56:02,400
well let me ask you then

1563
00:56:07,670 --> 00:56:05,520
uh in terms of mars we know as we talked

1564
00:56:09,190 --> 00:56:07,680
about today the extremes in temperatures

1565
00:56:11,349 --> 00:56:09,200
you know even though we think it's cold

1566
00:56:13,190 --> 00:56:11,359
here today it's actually

1567
00:56:15,910 --> 00:56:13,200
that temperature is some of the higher

1568
00:56:18,309 --> 00:56:15,920
ranges of temperatures on mars so going

1569
00:56:20,390 --> 00:56:18,319
to mars knowing that if life does exist

1570
00:56:22,150 --> 00:56:20,400
there it has to live in extremes how

1571
00:56:23,910 --> 00:56:22,160
would we identify that

1572
00:56:25,510 --> 00:56:23,920
what are the signs that we need to seek

1573
00:56:26,470 --> 00:56:25,520
to be able to determine if there's life

1574
00:56:28,470 --> 00:56:26,480
there

1575
00:56:31,270 --> 00:56:28,480
well i see just in general our strategy

1576
00:56:32,789 --> 00:56:31,280
has been and our missions reflect this

1577
00:56:35,510 --> 00:56:32,799
is to look for some of the fundamental

1578
00:56:37,190 --> 00:56:35,520
things we believe life needs so for a

1579
00:56:39,990 --> 00:56:37,200
long time our mantra was followed the

1580
00:56:41,750 --> 00:56:40,000
water and as our young

1581
00:56:43,589 --> 00:56:41,760
young future scientists and mars

1582
00:56:45,349 --> 00:56:43,599
explorer asked earlier do we really

1583
00:56:47,430 --> 00:56:45,359
believe that there's

1584
00:56:49,030 --> 00:56:47,440
water or was water on mars and of course

1585
00:56:50,950 --> 00:56:49,040
the answer is yes we have lots of

1586
00:56:53,109 --> 00:56:50,960
evidence of that so we know that there

1587
00:56:54,549 --> 00:56:53,119
was water we've had missions that looked

1588
00:56:56,390 --> 00:56:54,559
at those for those habitable

1589
00:56:58,710 --> 00:56:56,400
environments environments where we know

1590
00:57:00,150 --> 00:56:58,720
that there are

1591
00:57:01,589 --> 00:57:00,160
the kinds of chemistry that you would

1592
00:57:02,789 --> 00:57:01,599
need to build life the kinds of

1593
00:57:04,710 --> 00:57:02,799
environments that

1594
00:57:07,270 --> 00:57:04,720
could support it temperatures that

1595
00:57:09,670 --> 00:57:07,280
exceed the lower limits and we find

1596
00:57:11,270 --> 00:57:09,680
places like that on mars as well and so

1597
00:57:14,230 --> 00:57:11,280
now we're getting a better sense of

1598
00:57:16,150 --> 00:57:14,240
where on mars we might look for

1599
00:57:17,589 --> 00:57:16,160
existing life and one of the most

1600
00:57:22,630 --> 00:57:17,599
promising

1601
00:57:24,630 --> 00:57:22,640
places to look is as i mentioned life

1602
00:57:25,829 --> 00:57:24,640
takes cover when things are really bad

1603
00:57:28,710 --> 00:57:25,839
and we believe that the harsh

1604
00:57:32,150 --> 00:57:28,720
environment on the surface really dry

1605
00:57:34,309 --> 00:57:32,160
high radiation may drive life today if

1606
00:57:36,069 --> 00:57:34,319
it exists underground and that would be

1607
00:57:37,910 --> 00:57:36,079
a place that we would look

1608
00:57:39,430 --> 00:57:37,920
now what would we look for we already

1609
00:57:40,630 --> 00:57:39,440
know that if we've landed there taken a

1610
00:57:42,950 --> 00:57:40,640
lot of pictures and there's something

1611
00:57:45,270 --> 00:57:42,960
with a face and waving we could probably

1612
00:57:46,470 --> 00:57:45,280
say that that's that's life but it's

1613
00:57:48,630 --> 00:57:46,480
more likely that it's going to be

1614
00:57:50,789 --> 00:57:48,640
microbial so we would start looking for

1615
00:57:53,349 --> 00:57:50,799
morphology that looked like a microbe

1616
00:57:55,510 --> 00:57:53,359
which is microscopic or the chemistry

1617
00:57:57,349 --> 00:57:55,520
that microbes would need to exist or

1618
00:57:59,510 --> 00:57:57,359
would use to build their their cell

1619
00:58:02,230 --> 00:57:59,520
walls and all of their cellular

1620
00:58:09,109 --> 00:58:06,470
okay that's great so now uh based on uh

1621
00:58:11,190 --> 00:58:09,119
our next set of missions and and and and

1622
00:58:13,349 --> 00:58:11,200
working in this particular area we're

1623
00:58:15,030 --> 00:58:13,359
getting ready for human exploration

1624
00:58:17,349 --> 00:58:15,040
because we need to know everything about

1625
00:58:19,270 --> 00:58:17,359
mars before we send humans you know

1626
00:58:21,349 --> 00:58:19,280
human exploration is not really star

1627
00:58:23,910 --> 00:58:21,359
trek it's not go where no man has gone

1628
00:58:26,710 --> 00:58:23,920
before and so that means scientists

1629
00:58:28,630 --> 00:58:26,720
planetary scientists are leading the way

1630
00:58:31,190 --> 00:58:28,640
but there's a but of course there's a

1631
00:58:33,349 --> 00:58:31,200
synergy here you know human exploration

1632
00:58:35,030 --> 00:58:33,359
also needs information and the kind of

1633
00:58:37,270 --> 00:58:35,040
information they need

1634
00:58:39,430 --> 00:58:37,280
is sometimes very different

1635
00:58:41,270 --> 00:58:39,440
and so let me ask john

1636
00:58:43,670 --> 00:58:41,280
if he would talk about

1637
00:58:45,589 --> 00:58:43,680
that next step and how we're merging

1638
00:58:47,510 --> 00:58:45,599
science and exploration

1639
00:58:49,510 --> 00:58:47,520
and what are the kind of technologies

1640
00:58:51,990 --> 00:58:49,520
that we're looking at to support

1641
00:58:53,430 --> 00:58:52,000
missions to mars for humans

1642
00:58:55,349 --> 00:58:53,440
thanks jim

1643
00:58:57,750 --> 00:58:55,359
um i think if we bring up the first

1644
00:59:00,230 --> 00:58:57,760
image i have this is one of my favorite

1645
00:59:02,549 --> 00:59:00,240
images that maybe illustrates how i feel

1646
00:59:04,789 --> 00:59:02,559
about the merge between human

1647
00:59:06,789 --> 00:59:04,799
exploration and the kind of robotic

1648
00:59:08,549 --> 00:59:06,799
science that we're doing right now

1649
00:59:11,270 --> 00:59:08,559
this was a painting done by one of our

1650
00:59:14,630 --> 00:59:11,280
fine space artists pat rawlings and this

1651
00:59:17,109 --> 00:59:14,640
show is a future astronaut finding the

1652
00:59:19,910 --> 00:59:17,119
the site of the pathfinder rover

1653
00:59:21,510 --> 00:59:19,920
much as alissa may find the the site of

1654
00:59:22,630 --> 00:59:21,520
the spirit rover at some point the

1655
00:59:24,789 --> 00:59:22,640
future

1656
00:59:28,230 --> 00:59:24,799
and i i think this is the essence of the

1657
00:59:31,349 --> 00:59:28,240
relationship between human and

1658
00:59:33,829 --> 00:59:31,359
robotic science exploration right now

1659
00:59:36,470 --> 00:59:33,839
the robots that we put down on mars both

1660
00:59:39,510 --> 00:59:36,480
on the surface and in orbit are our

1661
00:59:42,630 --> 00:59:39,520
avatars right now they are our

1662
00:59:44,309 --> 00:59:42,640
our eyes and our hands and our feet on

1663
00:59:46,309 --> 00:59:44,319
the ground

1664
00:59:48,309 --> 00:59:46,319
that are informing us how to get ready

1665
00:59:51,670 --> 00:59:48,319
to eventually send people there there

1666
00:59:54,390 --> 00:59:51,680
are a lot of unknowns about mars and um

1667
00:59:55,910 --> 00:59:54,400
without the robots going there uh first

1668
00:59:57,910 --> 00:59:55,920
and finding out a lot about these

1669
01:00:00,470 --> 00:59:57,920
unknowns it would be a very very risky

1670
01:00:03,270 --> 01:00:00,480
endeavor to send people there

1671
01:00:05,190 --> 01:00:03,280
if you go to the the next image

1672
01:00:07,349 --> 01:00:05,200
this kind of shows where we are today

1673
01:00:08,950 --> 01:00:07,359
and where we want to go in the future

1674
01:00:11,510 --> 01:00:08,960
now i could spend a lot of time talking

1675
01:00:13,349 --> 01:00:11,520
about mars mission design i've done a

1676
01:00:16,710 --> 01:00:13,359
lot of thinking about that but i wanted

1677
01:00:19,270 --> 01:00:16,720
to focus a little bit in on how these

1678
01:00:21,670 --> 01:00:19,280
robotic missions help us out because

1679
01:00:23,990 --> 01:00:21,680
they're really an important uh piece of

1680
01:00:25,829 --> 01:00:24,000
the the entire plan

1681
01:00:28,309 --> 01:00:25,839
right now we have the international

1682
01:00:31,510 --> 01:00:28,319
space station it's been crewed for over

1683
01:00:34,789 --> 01:00:31,520
13 years uh continuously we're learning

1684
01:00:37,109 --> 01:00:34,799
lots about how humans uh survive in

1685
01:00:39,270 --> 01:00:37,119
space uh what we call human health and

1686
01:00:41,589 --> 01:00:39,280
performance that's a big step that's a

1687
01:00:45,510 --> 01:00:41,599
big unknown how will humans handle that

1688
01:00:48,150 --> 01:00:45,520
500 to 1000 days of a mars trip

1689
01:00:49,670 --> 01:00:48,160
the other big unknowns have to do with

1690
01:00:51,670 --> 01:00:49,680
mars itself

1691
01:00:54,470 --> 01:00:51,680
what's the radiation like on the surface

1692
01:00:56,549 --> 01:00:54,480
is the soil toxic to humans

1693
01:00:58,549 --> 01:00:56,559
are there resources there we can use

1694
01:01:01,510 --> 01:00:58,559
there's lots of what we call strategic

1695
01:01:04,150 --> 01:01:01,520
knowledge gaps and the the robotic

1696
01:01:06,710 --> 01:01:04,160
missions are our way to fill in a lot of

1697
01:01:09,510 --> 01:01:06,720
those strategic knowledge gaps

1698
01:01:11,109 --> 01:01:09,520
and then thirdly there are new

1699
01:01:13,190 --> 01:01:11,119
technologies

1700
01:01:15,349 --> 01:01:13,200
going to mars with humans is going to

1701
01:01:17,349 --> 01:01:15,359
involve technologies that

1702
01:01:19,990 --> 01:01:17,359
we're trying out on robotic missions and

1703
01:01:21,910 --> 01:01:20,000
some that we haven't even developed yet

1704
01:01:23,990 --> 01:01:21,920
luckily we're starting to learn about

1705
01:01:26,470 --> 01:01:24,000
things like how to get through the mars

1706
01:01:28,710 --> 01:01:26,480
atmosphere and land the uh

1707
01:01:29,829 --> 01:01:28,720
however many minutes of terror it's

1708
01:01:31,510 --> 01:01:29,839
going to be shorter with the human

1709
01:01:33,030 --> 01:01:31,520
mission by the way it'll be about three

1710
01:01:35,750 --> 01:01:33,040
minutes of terror

1711
01:01:37,349 --> 01:01:35,760
um and uh and learning how to use the

1712
01:01:39,589 --> 01:01:37,359
resources on the surface so there's

1713
01:01:41,990 --> 01:01:39,599
these three big unknowns and in at least

1714
01:01:43,750 --> 01:01:42,000
two of those areas the robotic missions

1715
01:01:46,710 --> 01:01:43,760
that are on mars right now are helping

1716
01:01:50,710 --> 01:01:46,720
us to uh to answer those questions

1717
01:01:53,510 --> 01:01:50,720
and then uh finally uh one last image

1718
01:01:56,230 --> 01:01:53,520
a wise man uh once said

1719
01:01:58,710 --> 01:01:56,240
that science enables exploration and

1720
01:02:00,230 --> 01:01:58,720
exploration enables science and that's

1721
01:02:03,109 --> 01:02:00,240
absolutely true and that's how we feel

1722
01:02:05,670 --> 01:02:03,119
about the merger between uh the science

1723
01:02:07,750 --> 01:02:05,680
that we do at marge mars right now and

1724
01:02:09,990 --> 01:02:07,760
human exploration that will follow in

1725
01:02:12,470 --> 01:02:10,000
fact it's very hard to put a

1726
01:02:15,109 --> 01:02:12,480
a science instrument on mars on one of

1727
01:02:17,029 --> 01:02:15,119
these rovers or in orbit and not give us

1728
01:02:19,589 --> 01:02:17,039
some information that will help us

1729
01:02:21,910 --> 01:02:19,599
eventually with humans going there and

1730
01:02:23,829 --> 01:02:21,920
as it was stated before uh by steve

1731
01:02:26,630 --> 01:02:23,839
squires i think once we get humans to

1732
01:02:28,950 --> 01:02:26,640
mars the the science uh was just going

1733
01:02:31,270 --> 01:02:28,960
to go up by orders of magnitude

1734
01:02:33,430 --> 01:02:31,280
so uh so these these missions that we

1735
01:02:34,710 --> 01:02:33,440
have on the surface right now spirit and

1736
01:02:37,670 --> 01:02:34,720
opportunity

1737
01:02:40,230 --> 01:02:37,680
uh curiosity and pathfinder those uh

1738
01:02:42,150 --> 01:02:40,240
those are a legacy of

1739
01:02:45,349 --> 01:02:42,160
of great science that that's going to

1740
01:02:46,870 --> 01:02:45,359
eventually help get get humans there

1741
01:02:49,109 --> 01:02:46,880
thank you john now of course as

1742
01:02:51,589 --> 01:02:49,119
discoveries are being made by by uh

1743
01:02:54,230 --> 01:02:51,599
spirit opportunity or orbital assets

1744
01:02:56,710 --> 01:02:54,240
curiosity and that information is coming

1745
01:02:58,789 --> 01:02:56,720
back um what is the most surprising

1746
01:03:01,510 --> 01:02:58,799
thing that you've learned that then

1747
01:03:03,349 --> 01:03:01,520
changes the design or changes the way or

1748
01:03:05,109 --> 01:03:03,359
approach we would put

1749
01:03:06,789 --> 01:03:05,119
that we would implement to put humans on

1750
01:03:08,390 --> 01:03:06,799
mars

1751
01:03:09,109 --> 01:03:08,400
looking back at

1752
01:03:21,190 --> 01:03:09,119
the

1753
01:03:24,789 --> 01:03:21,200
equation entirely about how you explore

1754
01:03:26,870 --> 01:03:24,799
mars water is like finding gold it is

1755
01:03:29,109 --> 01:03:26,880
the most precious resource out in the

1756
01:03:31,430 --> 01:03:29,119
solar system that you can imagine it is

1757
01:03:34,069 --> 01:03:31,440
the stuff of rocket fuel it's the stuff

1758
01:03:35,670 --> 01:03:34,079
of life support um you know hydrogen

1759
01:03:37,829 --> 01:03:35,680
oxygen are those building blocks where

1760
01:03:40,470 --> 01:03:37,839
you can make a lot of other things out

1761
01:03:42,789 --> 01:03:40,480
of and so finding that there's there's

1762
01:03:44,630 --> 01:03:42,799
large amounts of water on mars was

1763
01:03:46,309 --> 01:03:44,640
probably the biggest finding from the

1764
01:03:47,990 --> 01:03:46,319
robotic missions and the one that's

1765
01:03:49,910 --> 01:03:48,000
really changed our thinking about how we

1766
01:03:52,069 --> 01:03:49,920
would eventually send people there so

1767
01:03:53,750 --> 01:03:52,079
instead of carting all this water we can

1768
01:03:55,430 --> 01:03:53,760
tell you bring a straw because we know

1769
01:03:57,510 --> 01:03:55,440
where it's at we're going to get at it

1770
01:04:00,150 --> 01:03:57,520
anyway not only water but rocket fuel

1771
01:04:03,109 --> 01:04:00,160
which is about 80 percent of the mass of

1772
01:04:05,029 --> 01:04:03,119
everything we launch into space

1773
01:04:07,910 --> 01:04:05,039
that's great thank you well let me now

1774
01:04:10,230 --> 01:04:07,920
turn to john grunsfeld and john of

1775
01:04:11,750 --> 01:04:10,240
course as the

1776
01:04:14,150 --> 01:04:11,760
associate administrator the science

1777
01:04:16,630 --> 01:04:14,160
mission directorate and oversees our

1778
01:04:18,470 --> 01:04:16,640
major program in mars we've worked hard

1779
01:04:19,910 --> 01:04:18,480
together over the last several years

1780
01:04:22,150 --> 01:04:19,920
that you've been here to chart that

1781
01:04:24,470 --> 01:04:22,160
course what is our immediate future on

1782
01:04:27,270 --> 01:04:24,480
mars relative to science and then how

1783
01:04:30,069 --> 01:04:27,280
would that lead into exploration

1784
01:04:32,230 --> 01:04:30,079
well let me make a few comments about uh

1785
01:04:34,309 --> 01:04:32,240
curiosity be i mean about opportunity

1786
01:04:35,829 --> 01:04:34,319
before we we get there but i shared an

1787
01:04:39,349 --> 01:04:35,839
office with john and we've had many many

1788
01:04:40,950 --> 01:04:39,359
discussions about how to get to mars and

1789
01:04:43,190 --> 01:04:40,960
you know that famous saying you know we

1790
01:04:45,589 --> 01:04:43,200
we would often have the discussion

1791
01:04:47,270 --> 01:04:45,599
well exploration is science and science

1792
01:04:48,630 --> 01:04:47,280
is exploration

1793
01:04:51,510 --> 01:04:48,640
as well

1794
01:04:53,349 --> 01:04:51,520
but i had the very good fortune to be

1795
01:04:55,670 --> 01:04:53,359
at the jet propulsion lab for

1796
01:04:57,270 --> 01:04:55,680
opportunities

1797
01:04:59,109 --> 01:04:57,280
entry descent and landing and it was

1798
01:05:00,309 --> 01:04:59,119
obviously a very tense time

1799
01:05:03,670 --> 01:05:00,319
and i was standing next to my

1800
01:05:05,349 --> 01:05:03,680
predecessor dr ed weiler and of course

1801
01:05:06,789 --> 01:05:05,359
at one point i had to be a smart guy and

1802
01:05:09,510 --> 01:05:06,799
i said ed it's already happened we just

1803
01:05:11,750 --> 01:05:09,520
don't know the answer yet

1804
01:05:14,630 --> 01:05:11,760
and you know but it really was amazing

1805
01:05:17,109 --> 01:05:14,640
to actually have radio signals

1806
01:05:19,190 --> 01:05:17,119
of the little rover tight in its

1807
01:05:21,349 --> 01:05:19,200
bouncing ball as it was bouncing on the

1808
01:05:23,270 --> 01:05:21,359
surface and the communication with the

1809
01:05:26,069 --> 01:05:23,280
rover kept going in and out and somebody

1810
01:05:27,430 --> 01:05:26,079
realized yes we're watching it bounce

1811
01:05:29,190 --> 01:05:27,440
just phenomenal

1812
01:05:30,950 --> 01:05:29,200
and of course at that time we thought we

1813
01:05:32,789 --> 01:05:30,960
had a 90-day mission

1814
01:05:34,549 --> 01:05:32,799
and so again being kind of a smart guy

1815
01:05:37,029 --> 01:05:34,559
said hey ed how long do you think it

1816
01:05:38,549 --> 01:05:37,039
would take steve squires

1817
01:05:40,390 --> 01:05:38,559
to do the same thing on the surface of

1818
01:05:42,470 --> 01:05:40,400
mars if he was there

1819
01:05:43,829 --> 01:05:42,480
of everything that the rovers will do in

1820
01:05:45,750 --> 01:05:43,839
90 days

1821
01:05:47,829 --> 01:05:45,760
and ed came up with an answer which was

1822
01:05:49,190 --> 01:05:47,839
you know weak or something like that and

1823
01:05:50,870 --> 01:05:49,200
i said i bet he could do it in four

1824
01:05:52,710 --> 01:05:50,880
hours

1825
01:05:54,950 --> 01:05:52,720
and they'd got mad at me

1826
01:05:56,470 --> 01:05:54,960
so then steve came in from you know all

1827
01:05:57,910 --> 01:05:56,480
jubilant and i said hey steve how long

1828
01:06:02,549 --> 01:05:57,920
would it take you to do the 90-day

1829
01:06:06,470 --> 01:06:04,309
and that's really one of the drivers is

1830
01:06:09,349 --> 01:06:06,480
that we are so capable and you know

1831
01:06:11,190 --> 01:06:09,359
working with robotics working with uh

1832
01:06:12,710 --> 01:06:11,200
you know our scientific partners you

1833
01:06:14,789 --> 01:06:12,720
know we're all that much more powerful

1834
01:06:16,390 --> 01:06:14,799
but the one perspective i want all of

1835
01:06:18,309 --> 01:06:16,400
you to leave with

1836
01:06:21,670 --> 01:06:18,319
is you know the really shocking

1837
01:06:24,230 --> 01:06:21,680
revelation from a nasa official

1838
01:06:27,270 --> 01:06:24,240
that spirit opportunity pathfinder

1839
01:06:30,230 --> 01:06:27,280
before it and curiosity now on mars will

1840
01:06:31,910 --> 01:06:30,240
discover nothing

1841
01:06:33,670 --> 01:06:31,920
they're just our tools it's people it's

1842
01:06:35,510 --> 01:06:33,680
scientists here on earth that are making

1843
01:06:37,829 --> 01:06:35,520
all the discoveries and we shouldn't

1844
01:06:40,549 --> 01:06:37,839
forget that it's great uh you know to

1845
01:06:44,230 --> 01:06:40,559
think of opportunity as our friend as

1846
01:06:46,309 --> 01:06:44,240
our robotic assistant as our avatar

1847
01:06:48,470 --> 01:06:46,319
but it's a scientific tool and i think

1848
01:06:51,109 --> 01:06:48,480
it it won't be until we get people on

1849
01:06:53,670 --> 01:06:51,119
mars that the big transformation in both

1850
01:06:55,750 --> 01:06:53,680
science and also uh humans as a species

1851
01:06:58,069 --> 01:06:55,760
will will occur

1852
01:06:59,270 --> 01:06:58,079
however we have to go one step at a time

1853
01:07:02,230 --> 01:06:59,280
and so

1854
01:07:04,309 --> 01:07:02,240
we do have uh opportunity still running

1855
01:07:05,910 --> 01:07:04,319
after 10 years that's phenomenal

1856
01:07:08,789 --> 01:07:05,920
you know steve could reflect on how long

1857
01:07:10,230 --> 01:07:08,799
would it take him to do 10 years

1858
01:07:14,309 --> 01:07:10,240
and it would have been a good question

1859
01:07:19,270 --> 01:07:16,630
curiosity is now roving and i asked john

1860
01:07:22,150 --> 01:07:19,280
gratziner the project scientist for for

1861
01:07:23,990 --> 01:07:22,160
curiosity the same question same answer

1862
01:07:26,069 --> 01:07:24,000
if only i was on mars we could make

1863
01:07:27,990 --> 01:07:26,079
progress much more quickly

1864
01:07:31,750 --> 01:07:28,000
and get answers to those critical

1865
01:07:34,230 --> 01:07:31,760
questions and curiosity's question was

1866
01:07:36,470 --> 01:07:34,240
did mars ever have an environment that

1867
01:07:38,390 --> 01:07:36,480
we would know would be habitable if

1868
01:07:40,710 --> 01:07:38,400
there were microbes there

1869
01:07:42,390 --> 01:07:40,720
and of course like opportunity we landed

1870
01:07:44,630 --> 01:07:42,400
in a spot where we will

1871
01:07:46,069 --> 01:07:44,640
able to answer that question right away

1872
01:07:48,549 --> 01:07:46,079
we now know

1873
01:07:50,230 --> 01:07:48,559
that mars had an environment some

1874
01:07:52,470 --> 01:07:50,240
billions of years ago that could have

1875
01:07:55,029 --> 01:07:52,480
supported life that had

1876
01:07:56,870 --> 01:07:55,039
liquid water with neutral ph

1877
01:07:59,510 --> 01:07:56,880
you could have put a cup in the water

1878
01:08:00,870 --> 01:07:59,520
and had a nice drink

1879
01:08:02,630 --> 01:08:00,880
and if you were a microbe you could have

1880
01:08:04,870 --> 01:08:02,640
thrived in that water all of the

1881
01:08:05,990 --> 01:08:04,880
nutrients that you would need

1882
01:08:07,670 --> 01:08:06,000
temperatures

1883
01:08:10,150 --> 01:08:07,680
that were above freezing that you would

1884
01:08:12,309 --> 01:08:10,160
have liquid water probably a dense

1885
01:08:14,549 --> 01:08:12,319
atmosphere clouds rain snow-capped

1886
01:08:16,309 --> 01:08:14,559
mountains really quite a nice place

1887
01:08:18,390 --> 01:08:16,319
now we're able to use curiosity and

1888
01:08:20,709 --> 01:08:18,400
drive towards the flanks of mount sharp

1889
01:08:22,870 --> 01:08:20,719
to figure out well what happened

1890
01:08:25,189 --> 01:08:22,880
hopefully and using the maven spacecraft

1891
01:08:27,430 --> 01:08:25,199
that's on its way to mars to figure out

1892
01:08:30,229 --> 01:08:27,440
you know how is mars losing water and

1893
01:08:32,550 --> 01:08:30,239
its atmosphere now so maybe we can use

1894
01:08:34,550 --> 01:08:32,560
all of the resources we have between

1895
01:08:36,870 --> 01:08:34,560
curiosity looking at the sedimentary

1896
01:08:38,630 --> 01:08:36,880
rocks and trying to trace back the

1897
01:08:40,229 --> 01:08:38,640
atmospheric history of mars back

1898
01:08:41,829 --> 01:08:40,239
billions of years

1899
01:08:43,990 --> 01:08:41,839
maven looking at the atmosphere today to

1900
01:08:45,430 --> 01:08:44,000
figure out what happened why isn't mars

1901
01:08:47,590 --> 01:08:45,440
a nice place

1902
01:08:49,269 --> 01:08:47,600
for human life now

1903
01:08:50,870 --> 01:08:49,279
so that you'd have to be in a spacesuit

1904
01:08:52,789 --> 01:08:50,880
now personally i love working in a

1905
01:08:54,470 --> 01:08:52,799
spacesuit it's actually the most fun

1906
01:08:56,390 --> 01:08:54,480
thing i've ever done so that doesn't

1907
01:08:58,870 --> 01:08:56,400
bother me at all that when we go to mars

1908
01:09:00,630 --> 01:08:58,880
today we'll have to wear spacesuits

1909
01:09:02,070 --> 01:09:00,640
but at one time it wouldn't have been

1910
01:09:04,470 --> 01:09:02,080
necessary

1911
01:09:06,789 --> 01:09:04,480
we're getting ready to send

1912
01:09:08,470 --> 01:09:06,799
another mission to mars called insight

1913
01:09:10,070 --> 01:09:08,480
it was a competitive mission in our

1914
01:09:12,070 --> 01:09:10,080
discovery program

1915
01:09:13,829 --> 01:09:12,080
we have looked at at

1916
01:09:15,829 --> 01:09:13,839
mars with the hubble space telescope

1917
01:09:17,669 --> 01:09:15,839
studies that studied its atmosphere with

1918
01:09:19,110 --> 01:09:17,679
the space telescope imaging spectrograph

1919
01:09:21,269 --> 01:09:19,120
and of course imaging

1920
01:09:24,070 --> 01:09:21,279
we have orbiters around mars that have

1921
01:09:25,669 --> 01:09:24,080
studied the surface in great detail

1922
01:09:27,349 --> 01:09:25,679
one of the big questions actually when

1923
01:09:29,349 --> 01:09:27,359
we sent spirit and opportunity to the

1924
01:09:31,349 --> 01:09:29,359
surface was that we looked at mars and

1925
01:09:34,789 --> 01:09:31,359
we saw a planet that looked pretty

1926
01:09:37,669 --> 01:09:34,799
simple from space more or less would we

1927
01:09:38,789 --> 01:09:37,679
discover that mars had a very complex

1928
01:09:40,870 --> 01:09:38,799
history

1929
01:09:42,550 --> 01:09:40,880
and lots of surprises and of course

1930
01:09:43,910 --> 01:09:42,560
within just a few days of landing spirit

1931
01:09:46,390 --> 01:09:43,920
and opportunity figured out that yeah in

1932
01:09:48,229 --> 01:09:46,400
fact mars really is a much more complex

1933
01:09:51,269 --> 01:09:48,239
planet than we ever imagined and had a

1934
01:09:53,269 --> 01:09:51,279
lot more geologic processes than we

1935
01:09:54,790 --> 01:09:53,279
could see from space and curiosity is

1936
01:09:56,310 --> 01:09:54,800
now confirming that

1937
01:09:59,669 --> 01:09:56,320
even further

1938
01:10:01,030 --> 01:09:59,679
but we've never looked inside of mars

1939
01:10:02,550 --> 01:10:01,040
of course on earth you walk around and

1940
01:10:04,070 --> 01:10:02,560
you put little

1941
01:10:05,910 --> 01:10:04,080
seismographs and you can learn a lot

1942
01:10:08,390 --> 01:10:05,920
about the inside of the earth that's how

1943
01:10:11,590 --> 01:10:08,400
we figured out you know that we have a

1944
01:10:13,030 --> 01:10:11,600
crust and a mantle and an iron core and

1945
01:10:14,870 --> 01:10:13,040
the circulation of that creates our

1946
01:10:17,830 --> 01:10:14,880
magnetic field well as you heard from

1947
01:10:19,510 --> 01:10:17,840
jim mars has lost its magnetic field

1948
01:10:21,510 --> 01:10:19,520
has the

1949
01:10:23,270 --> 01:10:21,520
has mars cooled off completely or is

1950
01:10:24,790 --> 01:10:23,280
there still some volcanic processes

1951
01:10:26,790 --> 01:10:24,800
going on well we're going to put a

1952
01:10:29,110 --> 01:10:26,800
geophysical monitoring station on the

1953
01:10:30,950 --> 01:10:29,120
surface of mars it's going to put a heat

1954
01:10:33,270 --> 01:10:30,960
probe in the surface to learn about if

1955
01:10:34,950 --> 01:10:33,280
is you know what's the conductivity of

1956
01:10:37,510 --> 01:10:34,960
heat through mars surface is it still

1957
01:10:39,830 --> 01:10:37,520
cooling off and a seismometer to see is

1958
01:10:42,070 --> 01:10:39,840
there still seismic activity

1959
01:10:44,550 --> 01:10:42,080
is there some analog of plate tectonics

1960
01:10:46,310 --> 01:10:44,560
of faults scraping against faults and

1961
01:10:47,910 --> 01:10:46,320
when mars gets hit by meteorites which

1962
01:10:49,669 --> 01:10:47,920
it does all the time we'll be able to

1963
01:10:50,950 --> 01:10:49,679
see the planet ringing and map out the

1964
01:10:52,470 --> 01:10:50,960
interior

1965
01:10:55,750 --> 01:10:52,480
we're also partners with the european

1966
01:10:58,709 --> 01:10:55,760
space agency they're sending an orbiter

1967
01:11:01,189 --> 01:10:58,719
in 2016 and a lander in 2018 and we have

1968
01:11:03,350 --> 01:11:01,199
experiments mass spectrometer

1969
01:11:05,590 --> 01:11:03,360
on the lander

1970
01:11:07,830 --> 01:11:05,600
and then in 2020

1971
01:11:09,030 --> 01:11:07,840
we're sending a brand new rover to the

1972
01:11:11,590 --> 01:11:09,040
surface

1973
01:11:13,910 --> 01:11:11,600
it may look a little bit like curiosity

1974
01:11:15,030 --> 01:11:13,920
but that's because you know

1975
01:11:17,030 --> 01:11:15,040
rovers

1976
01:11:18,390 --> 01:11:17,040
all cars kind of look alike

1977
01:11:19,910 --> 01:11:18,400
but you know what you do with the car

1978
01:11:22,709 --> 01:11:19,920
could be very different but this is

1979
01:11:24,950 --> 01:11:22,719
entirely a different analog which is the

1980
01:11:26,950 --> 01:11:24,960
rover will have you know similar driving

1981
01:11:28,630 --> 01:11:26,960
system and wheels and a deck and a

1982
01:11:30,390 --> 01:11:28,640
similar power supply but all the

1983
01:11:32,470 --> 01:11:30,400
experiments will be brand new and that's

1984
01:11:35,189 --> 01:11:32,480
the exciting part and i'd love to tell

1985
01:11:37,110 --> 01:11:35,199
you what those experiments will be

1986
01:11:39,669 --> 01:11:37,120
but we don't know yet

1987
01:11:40,950 --> 01:11:39,679
next week proposals will come into nasa

1988
01:11:43,590 --> 01:11:40,960
from around the country and in fact

1989
01:11:46,709 --> 01:11:43,600
around the world for the best ideas on

1990
01:11:48,149 --> 01:11:46,719
what new science to do on this rover

1991
01:11:51,110 --> 01:11:48,159
and we've only just scratched the

1992
01:11:52,870 --> 01:11:51,120
surface literally of mars

1993
01:11:55,510 --> 01:11:52,880
in all the interesting places that we

1994
01:11:57,990 --> 01:11:55,520
can go in fact the most interesting

1995
01:12:00,550 --> 01:11:58,000
places of all are where we currently

1996
01:12:03,590 --> 01:12:00,560
think we see liquid water leaking out

1997
01:12:06,070 --> 01:12:03,600
or where the interface between ice

1998
01:12:08,149 --> 01:12:06,080
and and the surface where it melts

1999
01:12:11,430 --> 01:12:08,159
because mars has polar ice caps and it

2000
01:12:13,350 --> 01:12:11,440
melts and thaws just like on earth

2001
01:12:15,669 --> 01:12:13,360
and so those places though we don't want

2002
01:12:17,189 --> 01:12:15,679
to go yet because if there's life

2003
01:12:19,830 --> 01:12:17,199
existing on mars today we don't want to

2004
01:12:22,390 --> 01:12:19,840
hurt that life so we have this grand

2005
01:12:25,350 --> 01:12:22,400
plan going out through 2020 the mars

2006
01:12:26,550 --> 01:12:25,360
2020 rover should last a number of years

2007
01:12:28,149 --> 01:12:26,560
we're going to plan for it to last at

2008
01:12:30,310 --> 01:12:28,159
least two years so i think we have at

2009
01:12:32,870 --> 01:12:30,320
least another decade

2010
01:12:35,510 --> 01:12:32,880
of plans on the books now

2011
01:12:36,550 --> 01:12:35,520
for amazing mars exploration that may

2012
01:12:38,790 --> 01:12:36,560
tell us

2013
01:12:40,790 --> 01:12:38,800
about signs of life on mars if it exists

2014
01:12:41,910 --> 01:12:40,800
certainly about past life on mars if it

2015
01:12:44,070 --> 01:12:41,920
existed

2016
01:12:46,310 --> 01:12:44,080
and so the story is still wide open

2017
01:12:48,390 --> 01:12:46,320
and for the first time on the mars 2020

2018
01:12:51,030 --> 01:12:48,400
rover a significant fraction of the

2019
01:12:53,030 --> 01:12:51,040
payload is being done in cooperation

2020
01:12:54,870 --> 01:12:53,040
between human space flight

2021
01:12:56,470 --> 01:12:54,880
and the science space flight which i you

2022
01:12:58,390 --> 01:12:56,480
know personally i see is linked because

2023
01:13:00,790 --> 01:12:58,400
that's how i've lived my life and as i

2024
01:13:02,709 --> 01:13:00,800
said all discoveries are made by humans

2025
01:13:05,590 --> 01:13:02,719
uh not the rovers and so it's a very

2026
01:13:08,149 --> 01:13:05,600
exciting future so that when alyssa you

2027
01:13:10,149 --> 01:13:08,159
go to mars you're going to know a lot

2028
01:13:12,149 --> 01:13:10,159
before you go

2029
01:13:14,470 --> 01:13:12,159
that's right in fact um

2030
01:13:17,350 --> 01:13:14,480
seeking signs of life is sort of the

2031
01:13:19,830 --> 01:13:17,360
plan that we have for for that rover for

2032
01:13:21,590 --> 01:13:19,840
that 2020 it's going to core it's going

2033
01:13:23,430 --> 01:13:21,600
to create cores and we're going to be

2034
01:13:25,030 --> 01:13:23,440
able to interrogate them

2035
01:13:27,830 --> 01:13:25,040
and and put them in sleeves and put them

2036
01:13:29,830 --> 01:13:27,840
in a cache uh for later analysis so it

2037
01:13:33,189 --> 01:13:29,840
is a hugely very much different than

2038
01:13:34,790 --> 01:13:33,199
curiosity and of course

2039
01:13:37,189 --> 01:13:34,800
hopefully

2040
01:13:38,950 --> 01:13:37,199
we're going to want to continue to do

2041
01:13:40,630 --> 01:13:38,960
science analysis and bring those samples

2042
01:13:41,910 --> 01:13:40,640
back well i'm counting on alyssa to

2043
01:13:44,310 --> 01:13:41,920
bring them back

2044
01:13:47,430 --> 01:13:44,320
that would be great that would be great

2045
01:13:49,830 --> 01:13:47,440
so alyssa carter you're our next

2046
01:13:51,990 --> 01:13:49,840
generation you're that mars scientist

2047
01:13:54,390 --> 01:13:52,000
that we hope will be walking around and

2048
01:13:56,709 --> 01:13:54,400
doing those geological experiments and

2049
01:13:58,470 --> 01:13:56,719
reporting back so why don't you tell us

2050
01:14:00,870 --> 01:13:58,480
a little bit about what's been happening

2051
01:14:03,830 --> 01:14:00,880
in your life

2052
01:14:05,430 --> 01:14:03,840
nihao bonjour hola hello my name is

2053
01:14:07,510 --> 01:14:05,440
alyssa carson

2054
01:14:09,510 --> 01:14:07,520
and i've been trained to be an astronaut

2055
01:14:11,990 --> 01:14:09,520
for nine years

2056
01:14:14,709 --> 01:14:12,000
currently i'm 12 years old so i kind of

2057
01:14:17,830 --> 01:14:14,719
started at three

2058
01:14:18,790 --> 01:14:17,840
i basically decided at three that

2059
01:14:20,950 --> 01:14:18,800
okay

2060
01:14:23,510 --> 01:14:20,960
being an astronaut

2061
01:14:24,470 --> 01:14:23,520
that sounds really cool and then i

2062
01:14:26,950 --> 01:14:24,480
learned

2063
01:14:29,430 --> 01:14:26,960
that we have only been to the moon so i

2064
01:14:31,510 --> 01:14:29,440
set my sights for mars and i haven't

2065
01:14:33,270 --> 01:14:31,520
changed my mind since

2066
01:14:35,590 --> 01:14:33,280
i attend the baton rouge international

2067
01:14:38,070 --> 01:14:35,600
school and there i speak four languages

2068
01:14:41,110 --> 01:14:38,080
english french spanish and chinese and i

2069
01:14:43,110 --> 01:14:41,120
hope to learn russian soon

2070
01:14:45,590 --> 01:14:43,120
um i've been to space camp in huntsville

2071
01:14:48,470 --> 01:14:45,600
11 times so far

2072
01:14:51,910 --> 01:14:48,480
uh usually i go about twice a year i've

2073
01:14:54,950 --> 01:14:51,920
also attended space camp in izmir turkey

2074
01:14:57,110 --> 01:14:54,960
and space camp in laval canada

2075
01:14:58,630 --> 01:14:57,120
so with attending all these space camps

2076
01:15:00,070 --> 01:14:58,640
i have become the first person to

2077
01:15:01,590 --> 01:15:00,080
complete all the space camps in the

2078
01:15:04,149 --> 01:15:01,600
world

2079
01:15:05,110 --> 01:15:04,159
also i have completed the nasa passport

2080
01:15:07,430 --> 01:15:05,120
program

2081
01:15:08,950 --> 01:15:07,440
so i visited all the nasa visitors

2082
01:15:10,470 --> 01:15:08,960
centers in the u.s

2083
01:15:14,709 --> 01:15:10,480
which is 14

2084
01:15:18,390 --> 01:15:16,550
i've been to multiple sally ride day

2085
01:15:20,630 --> 01:15:18,400
camps so

2086
01:15:23,110 --> 01:15:20,640
around my area we may have a day camping

2087
01:15:25,189 --> 01:15:23,120
go and you get to learn all about math

2088
01:15:28,630 --> 01:15:25,199
and science and do different experiments

2089
01:15:29,510 --> 01:15:28,640
i've also done the week-long camp at mit

2090
01:15:31,910 --> 01:15:29,520
so

2091
01:15:34,070 --> 01:15:31,920
we basically did a week-long camp and we

2092
01:15:35,590 --> 01:15:34,080
learned about marine biology and also

2093
01:15:37,030 --> 01:15:35,600
different sciences

2094
01:15:38,709 --> 01:15:37,040
i've witnessed three space shuttle

2095
01:15:42,630 --> 01:15:38,719
launches sts

2096
01:15:47,830 --> 01:15:42,640
132 134 and 135 which all were amazing

2097
01:15:54,149 --> 01:15:50,470
so i have done the

2098
01:15:56,630 --> 01:15:54,159
i have completed all the space camps and

2099
01:15:58,790 --> 01:15:56,640
completed the nasa passport program

2100
01:16:01,189 --> 01:15:58,800
basically because i would like something

2101
01:16:03,350 --> 01:16:01,199
unique on my resume for when i applied

2102
01:16:04,709 --> 01:16:03,360
to become an astronaut

2103
01:16:06,470 --> 01:16:04,719
because

2104
01:16:08,070 --> 01:16:06,480
i would like something to help me stand

2105
01:16:13,430 --> 01:16:08,080
out

2106
01:16:14,229 --> 01:16:13,440
major option

2107
01:16:19,669 --> 01:16:14,239
so

2108
01:16:21,910 --> 01:16:19,679
did this and they in both doing all the

2109
01:16:24,390 --> 01:16:21,920
space camps and completing the passport

2110
01:16:26,070 --> 01:16:24,400
it was all a lot of fun especially since

2111
01:16:27,990 --> 01:16:26,080
i completed the passport program by

2112
01:16:29,510 --> 01:16:28,000
doing it on a road trip

2113
01:16:32,870 --> 01:16:29,520
so that was

2114
01:16:36,709 --> 01:16:32,880
interesting but also very fun

2115
01:16:39,990 --> 01:16:36,719
as college goes i plan on attending

2116
01:16:41,430 --> 01:16:40,000
either cambridge or oxford

2117
01:16:43,110 --> 01:16:41,440
after that

2118
01:16:44,950 --> 01:16:43,120
most likely international space

2119
01:16:46,830 --> 01:16:44,960
university in france

2120
01:16:49,270 --> 01:16:46,840
and then attend

2121
01:16:51,750 --> 01:16:49,280
mit and i hope to get a degree in

2122
01:16:55,590 --> 01:16:51,760
astrophysics

2123
01:16:57,189 --> 01:16:55,600
so a lot of studying to do there

2124
01:16:59,189 --> 01:16:57,199
but

2125
01:17:01,430 --> 01:16:59,199
i don't know i guess

2126
01:17:04,709 --> 01:17:01,440
i've always had this dream

2127
01:17:06,709 --> 01:17:04,719
and i just follow it as best as i can no

2128
01:17:09,750 --> 01:17:06,719
matter where it takes me

2129
01:17:12,550 --> 01:17:09,760
so i've been to izmir turkey which

2130
01:17:14,550 --> 01:17:12,560
is sounds like such a strange place

2131
01:17:17,350 --> 01:17:14,560
but it's part of my dream and so i

2132
01:17:19,830 --> 01:17:17,360
follow it wherever it takes me

2133
01:17:23,110 --> 01:17:19,840
i am the mars generation

2134
01:17:24,790 --> 01:17:23,120
yeah absolutely and you've convinced me

2135
01:17:26,310 --> 01:17:24,800
and

2136
01:17:28,950 --> 01:17:26,320
you know

2137
01:17:30,870 --> 01:17:28,960
when you talk to kids your age do they

2138
01:17:33,030 --> 01:17:30,880
seem to be excited about mars do they

2139
01:17:35,030 --> 01:17:33,040
seem to be excited about space

2140
01:17:36,790 --> 01:17:35,040
or is it you know even a tenth of your

2141
01:17:40,070 --> 01:17:36,800
excitement

2142
01:17:40,950 --> 01:17:40,080
um i've talked to many groups of kids

2143
01:17:43,110 --> 01:17:40,960
and

2144
01:17:45,270 --> 01:17:43,120
most of them they have

2145
01:17:47,750 --> 01:17:45,280
lots of intriguing questions

2146
01:17:49,990 --> 01:17:47,760
after i'm done and i ask for questions

2147
01:17:53,270 --> 01:17:50,000
from the audience they all seem very

2148
01:17:54,950 --> 01:17:53,280
interested they're all excited wondering

2149
01:17:57,910 --> 01:17:54,960
where we're going

2150
01:18:00,630 --> 01:17:57,920
they're asking what nasa is doing now

2151
01:18:01,750 --> 01:18:00,640
they're asking all sorts of questions as

2152
01:18:10,310 --> 01:18:01,760
in

2153
01:18:12,790 --> 01:18:10,320
you know just some

2154
01:18:15,110 --> 01:18:12,800
simple questions that would be simple on

2155
01:18:17,750 --> 01:18:15,120
earth but get complicated spaces and

2156
01:18:20,630 --> 01:18:17,760
showers they ask about you know how life

2157
01:18:22,790 --> 01:18:20,640
is different on the iss

2158
01:18:25,350 --> 01:18:22,800
but they're all excited

2159
01:18:26,390 --> 01:18:25,360
they're all excited about going to mars

2160
01:18:29,669 --> 01:18:26,400
and

2161
01:18:31,430 --> 01:18:29,679
sending that next generation

2162
01:18:33,990 --> 01:18:31,440
that's great and i want to tell you and

2163
01:18:35,990 --> 01:18:34,000
encourage you follow your dream thank

2164
01:18:37,750 --> 01:18:36,000
you and i think with that let's ask

2165
01:18:39,270 --> 01:18:37,760
dwayne to come up and see if we can

2166
01:18:41,990 --> 01:18:39,280
answer some questions from the audience

2167
01:18:44,709 --> 01:18:42,000
and social media yes it's

2168
01:18:47,189 --> 01:18:44,719
q a time again and if you're just

2169
01:18:49,110 --> 01:18:47,199
joining us on nasa television

2170
01:18:50,550 --> 01:18:49,120
please this is the second panel the

2171
01:18:52,310 --> 01:18:50,560
first panel

2172
01:18:55,110 --> 01:18:52,320
talking about 10 years

2173
01:18:55,830 --> 01:18:55,120
on mars uh no worries

2174
01:18:58,709 --> 01:18:55,840
this

2175
01:19:02,149 --> 01:18:58,719
program is going to be archived at

2176
01:19:06,950 --> 01:19:04,709
mars we are coming to you

2177
01:19:08,310 --> 01:19:06,960
from the most visited

2178
01:19:09,669 --> 01:19:08,320
museum in the united states

2179
01:19:12,390 --> 01:19:09,679
smithsonian's

2180
01:19:14,229 --> 01:19:12,400
national air space museum two panels

2181
01:19:17,590 --> 01:19:14,239
talking about mars we're going to get

2182
01:19:19,430 --> 01:19:17,600
some questions here and a reminder

2183
01:19:21,590 --> 01:19:19,440
all of the data

2184
01:19:23,510 --> 01:19:21,600
from the mars exploration program

2185
01:19:25,270 --> 01:19:23,520
curiosity murrah

2186
01:19:27,110 --> 01:19:25,280
all of that data is available to the

2187
01:19:33,430 --> 01:19:27,120
public

2188
01:19:34,950 --> 01:19:33,440
it's all about malls it's all about us

2189
01:19:36,790 --> 01:19:34,960
it's all about the future

2190
01:19:38,149 --> 01:19:36,800
okay so let's get with the q a we're

2191
01:19:40,870 --> 01:19:38,159
getting a lot of questions from social

2192
01:19:43,030 --> 01:19:40,880
media again two hashtags when it's mars

2193
01:19:45,510 --> 01:19:43,040
a lot of conversation on social media

2194
01:19:46,709 --> 01:19:45,520
hashtag mirror10 and hashtag 10 years on

2195
01:19:47,750 --> 01:19:46,719
mars

2196
01:19:49,590 --> 01:19:47,760
i'm gonna

2197
01:19:51,350 --> 01:19:49,600
ask folks to join us at the mic but i'm

2198
01:19:52,950 --> 01:19:51,360
gonna take one question actually from

2199
01:19:54,390 --> 01:19:52,960
our live stream

2200
01:19:58,790 --> 01:19:54,400
uh

2201
01:20:04,149 --> 01:19:58,800
how simple would it be to turn water on

2202
01:20:09,270 --> 01:20:07,350
well actually we have that technology uh

2203
01:20:10,470 --> 01:20:09,280
water processing technology is pretty

2204
01:20:12,950 --> 01:20:10,480
well known

2205
01:20:14,870 --> 01:20:12,960
and um the missions we have on mars

2206
01:20:17,110 --> 01:20:14,880
right now are telling us a lot about the

2207
01:20:19,669 --> 01:20:17,120
ph of the water and and what kind of

2208
01:20:21,510 --> 01:20:19,679
minerals might be dissolved in it and

2209
01:20:24,390 --> 01:20:21,520
i think it would be relatively easy to

2210
01:20:26,070 --> 01:20:24,400
make um a drinkable glass of water on

2211
01:20:28,149 --> 01:20:26,080
mars that would be one of those big

2212
01:20:29,830 --> 01:20:28,159
historical moments the first time a

2213
01:20:33,110 --> 01:20:29,840
human being took a drink of water that

2214
01:20:35,990 --> 01:20:33,120
was not from this planet okay

2215
01:20:39,030 --> 01:20:36,000
next question is for our

2216
01:20:40,790 --> 01:20:39,040
young human first human to mars person

2217
01:20:43,030 --> 01:20:40,800
miss carson um and i think you already

2218
01:20:44,950 --> 01:20:43,040
answered this but um you've excited a

2219
01:20:46,870 --> 01:20:44,960
lot of young folks watching the program

2220
01:20:48,390 --> 01:20:46,880
and they want to just say you talked

2221
01:20:51,110 --> 01:20:48,400
about your dreams

2222
01:20:53,590 --> 01:20:51,120
but what advice would you give them

2223
01:20:54,950 --> 01:20:53,600
if they too want to be inspired and be

2224
01:20:56,149 --> 01:20:54,960
sitting up here with these incredible

2225
01:20:58,070 --> 01:20:56,159
people what advice would you give the

2226
01:21:00,709 --> 01:20:58,080
young folks out there well i would tell

2227
01:21:03,270 --> 01:21:00,719
any child that are

2228
01:21:05,350 --> 01:21:03,280
looking for a dream or something that

2229
01:21:07,430 --> 01:21:05,360
really interests them i would tell them

2230
01:21:09,590 --> 01:21:07,440
to find subjects that you're interested

2231
01:21:10,950 --> 01:21:09,600
in and pick a career that goes along

2232
01:21:13,030 --> 01:21:10,960
with the subject you're really

2233
01:21:14,950 --> 01:21:13,040
interested because you really want to

2234
01:21:18,070 --> 01:21:14,960
love your career

2235
01:21:20,390 --> 01:21:18,080
and if you're finding your dream

2236
01:21:22,870 --> 01:21:20,400
you know just stick with it no matter

2237
01:21:24,790 --> 01:21:22,880
what obstacles get in the way

2238
01:21:26,950 --> 01:21:24,800
and don't let anyone tell you that you

2239
01:21:29,910 --> 01:21:26,960
can't fulfill your dream

2240
01:21:31,510 --> 01:21:29,920
i've been doing my uh trying to fulfill

2241
01:21:35,189 --> 01:21:31,520
my dream since three

2242
01:21:38,550 --> 01:21:35,199
and i'm still going and i do not plan on

2243
01:21:41,189 --> 01:21:38,560
stopping so just keep on going and never

2244
01:21:45,830 --> 01:21:41,199
stop believing in yourself and don't let

2245
01:21:49,030 --> 01:21:47,030
thank you

2246
01:21:50,310 --> 01:21:49,040
okay let's uh come to the mic we're

2247
01:21:54,790 --> 01:21:50,320
coming back to the national air space

2248
01:21:54,800 --> 01:21:57,990
you talk up a little louder

2249
01:21:58,000 --> 01:22:11,110
keep going

2250
01:22:11,120 --> 01:22:34,629
okay

2251
01:22:39,750 --> 01:22:37,669
well my main role model is basically

2252
01:22:41,830 --> 01:22:39,760
just all astronauts because they all

2253
01:22:44,870 --> 01:22:41,840
inspire me

2254
01:22:49,590 --> 01:22:46,709
here's one right here

2255
01:22:50,709 --> 01:22:49,600
but uh at my school we also learn

2256
01:22:52,310 --> 01:22:50,719
cultures

2257
01:22:54,390 --> 01:22:52,320
because with all my languages my

2258
01:22:57,830 --> 01:22:54,400
teachers are from the country that

2259
01:22:59,910 --> 01:22:57,840
speaks the language so they try to

2260
01:23:02,229 --> 01:22:59,920
tell us about the cultures the language

2261
01:23:04,550 --> 01:23:02,239
their traditions so i've gotten used to

2262
01:23:06,709 --> 01:23:04,560
some cultures and

2263
01:23:09,270 --> 01:23:06,719
so with that that has really helped me

2264
01:23:10,229 --> 01:23:09,280
become custom to most of most different

2265
01:23:11,110 --> 01:23:10,239
cultures

2266
01:23:13,910 --> 01:23:11,120
and

2267
01:23:16,070 --> 01:23:13,920
i'm pretty used to so used to you know

2268
01:23:18,310 --> 01:23:16,080
transitioning to different cultures

2269
01:23:20,070 --> 01:23:18,320
because at my school you may be in

2270
01:23:22,149 --> 01:23:20,080
spanish class and you're doing a spanish

2271
01:23:23,669 --> 01:23:22,159
culture then all of a sudden

2272
01:23:25,189 --> 01:23:23,679
oh it's time to change class now we're

2273
01:23:28,149 --> 01:23:25,199
going to a france

2274
01:23:29,910 --> 01:23:28,159
and we're doing a french culture so you

2275
01:23:31,910 --> 01:23:29,920
kind of learn to transition pretty well

2276
01:23:35,430 --> 01:23:31,920
my school with between cultures and

2277
01:23:35,440 --> 01:23:38,629
next question

2278
01:23:43,110 --> 01:23:41,270
hi my name is shauna and i live here in

2279
01:23:44,870 --> 01:23:43,120
dc i actually work here at the museum

2280
01:23:45,830 --> 01:23:44,880
i'm an educator well geologist turned

2281
01:23:46,950 --> 01:23:45,840
educator

2282
01:23:48,870 --> 01:23:46,960
um

2283
01:23:51,270 --> 01:23:48,880
elsa you give me so much hope for the

2284
01:23:53,910 --> 01:23:51,280
future and i am also a big astronaut fan

2285
01:23:56,790 --> 01:23:53,920
sally ride was my hero growing up so i

2286
01:23:58,709 --> 01:23:56,800
was wondering what are two traits that

2287
01:24:00,550 --> 01:23:58,719
you've seen in the astronauts that you

2288
01:24:02,629 --> 01:24:00,560
admire that you're working on

2289
01:24:04,390 --> 01:24:02,639
cultivating yourself as you prepare to

2290
01:24:06,229 --> 01:24:04,400
become one

2291
01:24:08,550 --> 01:24:06,239
two traits that i see

2292
01:24:10,870 --> 01:24:08,560
would be bravery

2293
01:24:14,149 --> 01:24:10,880
because we all know there are dangers in

2294
01:24:17,270 --> 01:24:14,159
going to space or going to any planet

2295
01:24:19,110 --> 01:24:17,280
yet in my opinion the benefits outweigh

2296
01:24:20,870 --> 01:24:19,120
the risk because it's just such an

2297
01:24:22,550 --> 01:24:20,880
adventure

2298
01:24:24,950 --> 01:24:22,560
also

2299
01:24:27,430 --> 01:24:24,960
i guess

2300
01:24:31,270 --> 01:24:27,440
loyalty to your crew members

2301
01:24:32,149 --> 01:24:31,280
having to be like be friends with people

2302
01:24:35,030 --> 01:24:32,159
that

2303
01:24:37,910 --> 01:24:35,040
you're going with because all astronauts

2304
01:24:40,470 --> 01:24:37,920
they just become one big happy family

2305
01:24:42,070 --> 01:24:40,480
and it's just

2306
01:24:44,070 --> 01:24:42,080
i don't know i guess

2307
01:24:47,030 --> 01:24:44,080
all the astronauts they just become

2308
01:24:49,669 --> 01:24:47,040
family and they all trust each other

2309
01:24:52,229 --> 01:24:49,679
with each other's lives basically

2310
01:24:55,910 --> 01:24:52,239
and i guess that's

2311
01:24:57,590 --> 01:24:55,920
a good thing to have as a trait

2312
01:24:59,110 --> 01:24:57,600
you know the questions from the audience

2313
01:25:01,270 --> 01:24:59,120
okay we go back to social media we have

2314
01:25:05,430 --> 01:25:01,280
time for a couple of more this is from

2315
01:25:08,550 --> 01:25:05,440
at terry universe u universe u i believe

2316
01:25:10,709 --> 01:25:08,560
uh for the panel where is the most

2317
01:25:15,830 --> 01:25:10,719
capital place on mars based

2318
01:25:21,189 --> 01:25:18,390
well as um curiosity has clearly

2319
01:25:24,470 --> 01:25:21,199
demonstrated it actually is landed in an

2320
01:25:26,950 --> 01:25:24,480
ancient riverbed and so

2321
01:25:29,910 --> 01:25:26,960
we now from orbit can take a look at

2322
01:25:31,590 --> 01:25:29,920
other similar locations and recognize

2323
01:25:33,830 --> 01:25:31,600
that there's been a fair amount of water

2324
01:25:34,950 --> 01:25:33,840
on mars in the past oceans of water

2325
01:25:37,430 --> 01:25:34,960
perhaps

2326
01:25:40,470 --> 01:25:37,440
and that water is carved out gullies and

2327
01:25:43,030 --> 01:25:40,480
valleys and so from a habitability

2328
01:25:45,350 --> 01:25:43,040
perspective going back in time when

2329
01:25:47,350 --> 01:25:45,360
water was plentiful on mars and the

2330
01:25:49,830 --> 01:25:47,360
atmosphere was thick enough to support

2331
01:25:50,870 --> 01:25:49,840
it those would be key locations to check

2332
01:25:51,590 --> 01:25:50,880
and see

2333
01:25:56,310 --> 01:25:51,600
if

2334
01:26:01,510 --> 01:25:58,629
um i think the most habitable place now

2335
01:26:03,510 --> 01:26:01,520
our best bet at finding extant life or

2336
01:26:05,750 --> 01:26:03,520
life that's currently there would be

2337
01:26:07,669 --> 01:26:05,760
underground i think again protecting

2338
01:26:09,590 --> 01:26:07,679
yourself from the surface is critical i

2339
01:26:10,709 --> 01:26:09,600
think sources of water that might be

2340
01:26:13,669 --> 01:26:10,719
accessible

2341
01:26:16,390 --> 01:26:13,679
without having to melt or process for

2342
01:26:21,350 --> 01:26:16,400
organisms currently on mars would also

2343
01:26:28,149 --> 01:26:24,709
okay uh final question and this deals

2344
01:26:29,510 --> 01:26:28,159
obviously with the activities on mars

2345
01:26:31,830 --> 01:26:29,520
and perhaps this is for for john

2346
01:26:33,830 --> 01:26:31,840
grunsfeld

2347
01:26:35,669 --> 01:26:33,840
dr grunzfeld

2348
01:26:37,430 --> 01:26:35,679
the mars program

2349
01:26:40,629 --> 01:26:37,440
lots of things going on are there any

2350
01:26:43,510 --> 01:26:40,639
other nasa projects that will help

2351
01:26:44,870 --> 01:26:43,520
get humans to mars

2352
01:26:46,310 --> 01:26:44,880
well i think there are

2353
01:26:47,990 --> 01:26:46,320
a number of projects that will help

2354
01:26:50,870 --> 01:26:48,000
humans get to mars starting with the

2355
01:26:52,390 --> 01:26:50,880
international space station

2356
01:26:54,070 --> 01:26:52,400
you can't see it in social networking

2357
01:26:56,149 --> 01:26:54,080
but in the back of the room here is a

2358
01:26:57,590 --> 01:26:56,159
circle suit which is the suit that

2359
01:26:59,030 --> 01:26:57,600
astronauts ride to and from the

2360
01:27:01,750 --> 01:26:59,040
international space station in when

2361
01:27:03,910 --> 01:27:01,760
they're flying on a soyuz vehicle

2362
01:27:05,430 --> 01:27:03,920
and i had the opportunity to train as a

2363
01:27:07,590 --> 01:27:05,440
backup crew member for the international

2364
01:27:09,350 --> 01:27:07,600
space station and when i was

2365
01:27:11,669 --> 01:27:09,360
contemplating you know what i would do

2366
01:27:14,229 --> 01:27:11,679
for six months on the space station i

2367
01:27:16,709 --> 01:27:14,239
thought great i'm gonna pretend that i'm

2368
01:27:19,669 --> 01:27:16,719
traveling to mars because traveling to

2369
01:27:21,510 --> 01:27:19,679
mars is probably about a six-month trip

2370
01:27:23,270 --> 01:27:21,520
you'll be in weightlessness

2371
01:27:24,070 --> 01:27:23,280
the whole time very likely depending

2372
01:27:26,070 --> 01:27:24,080
upon

2373
01:27:28,310 --> 01:27:26,080
specific architecture but i'll get to

2374
01:27:29,350 --> 01:27:28,320
experience that six months travel to

2375
01:27:31,270 --> 01:27:29,360
mars

2376
01:27:32,709 --> 01:27:31,280
and so every time we send a crew up to

2377
01:27:34,709 --> 01:27:32,719
the international space station and they

2378
01:27:36,470 --> 01:27:34,719
spend six months in weightlessness

2379
01:27:38,229 --> 01:27:36,480
eating sleeping

2380
01:27:40,229 --> 01:27:38,239
doing other things

2381
01:27:42,790 --> 01:27:40,239
living working in space

2382
01:27:44,870 --> 01:27:42,800
they are practicing a cruise to mars

2383
01:27:46,950 --> 01:27:44,880
other than radiation because the earth's

2384
01:27:48,310 --> 01:27:46,960
magnetosphere protects us from radiation

2385
01:27:50,709 --> 01:27:48,320
but in all other respects it's a

2386
01:27:53,350 --> 01:27:50,719
practice mission and so we're able to

2387
01:27:56,470 --> 01:27:53,360
test technology for processing water for

2388
01:27:57,990 --> 01:27:56,480
reprocessing urine for removing humidity

2389
01:28:00,149 --> 01:27:58,000
from the atmosphere from studying the

2390
01:28:02,310 --> 01:28:00,159
medical effects and what we're learning

2391
01:28:04,070 --> 01:28:02,320
is that in terms of things like muscle

2392
01:28:06,070 --> 01:28:04,080
and bone health we're able to keep

2393
01:28:07,830 --> 01:28:06,080
people healthy now in space

2394
01:28:09,590 --> 01:28:07,840
what we've learned from the radiation

2395
01:28:11,669 --> 01:28:09,600
detectors that we're on the curiosity

2396
01:28:13,910 --> 01:28:11,679
mission traveling to mars and to the

2397
01:28:16,229 --> 01:28:13,920
surface is that the radiation's

2398
01:28:17,590 --> 01:28:16,239
significant but it's only about double

2399
01:28:19,510 --> 01:28:17,600
what you would experience on a long

2400
01:28:21,270 --> 01:28:19,520
duration space flight uh on the

2401
01:28:23,030 --> 01:28:21,280
international space station but there's

2402
01:28:25,430 --> 01:28:23,040
still a lot of unanswered technology

2403
01:28:27,510 --> 01:28:25,440
questions about how to keep what kind of

2404
01:28:29,510 --> 01:28:27,520
food should humans eat on these long

2405
01:28:31,189 --> 01:28:29,520
missions we're still eating food that's

2406
01:28:33,990 --> 01:28:31,199
kind of derived from the space shuttle

2407
01:28:35,350 --> 01:28:34,000
missions that taste good a combination

2408
01:28:38,149 --> 01:28:35,360
of russian and american and an

2409
01:28:40,229 --> 01:28:38,159
international diet but we haven't really

2410
01:28:42,070 --> 01:28:40,239
asked the question or learned yet

2411
01:28:43,669 --> 01:28:42,080
what should be the diet for humans and

2412
01:28:45,030 --> 01:28:43,679
long-duration space flight or what

2413
01:28:47,510 --> 01:28:45,040
should be the diet

2414
01:28:49,750 --> 01:28:47,520
for mars to help tune human health and

2415
01:28:51,990 --> 01:28:49,760
performance to get the desired results

2416
01:28:53,910 --> 01:28:52,000
we want and have it store for a long

2417
01:28:56,629 --> 01:28:53,920
time i actually did an experiment for

2418
01:28:59,270 --> 01:28:56,639
two weeks where i ate nothing but food

2419
01:29:01,669 --> 01:28:59,280
bars but we chose those food bars very

2420
01:29:04,870 --> 01:29:01,679
carefully to have the right nutritious

2421
01:29:06,870 --> 01:29:04,880
balance and also to bring the caloric

2422
01:29:09,110 --> 01:29:06,880
quantity way down i actually was only

2423
01:29:11,510 --> 01:29:09,120
eating 1200 kilocalories normally called

2424
01:29:13,430 --> 01:29:11,520
calories a day but the body adapts very

2425
01:29:15,430 --> 01:29:13,440
quickly to that and can survive for

2426
01:29:17,189 --> 01:29:15,440
months and months on that level when

2427
01:29:18,950 --> 01:29:17,199
you're in weightlessness and at the end

2428
01:29:21,270 --> 01:29:18,960
of the two-week period the doctors did

2429
01:29:23,270 --> 01:29:21,280
my blood draw and they said john you're

2430
01:29:25,830 --> 01:29:23,280
the healthiest we've ever seen you in 18

2431
01:29:27,830 --> 01:29:25,840
years of studies as a guinea pig keep

2432
01:29:29,830 --> 01:29:27,840
eating this diet forever and you'll live

2433
01:29:31,350 --> 01:29:29,840
a long time

2434
01:29:33,430 --> 01:29:31,360
so we're doing a lot of work on the

2435
01:29:35,430 --> 01:29:33,440
international space station i think all

2436
01:29:37,350 --> 01:29:35,440
of our future mars explorers robotic

2437
01:29:39,270 --> 01:29:37,360
explorers will continue to have

2438
01:29:40,470 --> 01:29:39,280
experiments that help help us in human

2439
01:29:42,310 --> 01:29:40,480
space flight

2440
01:29:43,910 --> 01:29:42,320
so i think we're going to see a lot more

2441
01:29:45,590 --> 01:29:43,920
leading towards mars

2442
01:29:47,430 --> 01:29:45,600
and of course we can't forget that later

2443
01:29:49,750 --> 01:29:47,440
this year we have the first flight of

2444
01:29:52,070 --> 01:29:49,760
our orion capsule so in addition to the

2445
01:29:54,470 --> 01:29:52,080
work we're doing on iss we actually have

2446
01:29:57,430 --> 01:29:54,480
pieces of hardware in production

2447
01:29:59,110 --> 01:29:57,440
orion and our big heavy lift rocket the

2448
01:30:01,110 --> 01:29:59,120
space launch system

2449
01:30:03,510 --> 01:30:01,120
two essential pieces of getting people

2450
01:30:04,629 --> 01:30:03,520
to mars eventually

2451
01:30:07,030 --> 01:30:04,639
okay ladies and gentlemen that's going

2452
01:30:09,189 --> 01:30:07,040
to do it for today i want to thank

2453
01:30:11,590 --> 01:30:09,199
our panel here on our previous panel and

2454
01:30:15,430 --> 01:30:11,600
again it will be archived at

2455
01:30:19,189 --> 01:30:16,470
mars

2456
01:30:20,950 --> 01:30:19,199
i want to thank the most visited museum

2457
01:30:23,830 --> 01:30:20,960
in the united states for hosting us here

2458
01:30:26,310 --> 01:30:23,840
smithsonian's national air space museum

2459
01:30:28,470 --> 01:30:26,320
and to the thousands of folks who have

2460
01:30:30,390 --> 01:30:28,480
made this day possible with murr

2461
01:30:31,990 --> 01:30:30,400
happy birthday all the great work and a

2462
01:30:32,870 --> 01:30:32,000
special shout out to the jet propulsion

2463
01:30:34,629 --> 01:30:32,880
lab

2464
01:30:36,149 --> 01:30:34,639
managing the programs and doing the

2465
01:30:37,350 --> 01:30:36,159
incredible things you do in planetary

2466
01:30:39,430 --> 01:30:37,360
exploration

2467
01:30:42,310 --> 01:30:39,440
again we want to thank you

2468
01:30:45,270 --> 01:30:42,320
www.nasa.gov

2469
01:30:48,629 --> 01:30:45,280
mars for all of the moss exploration

2470
01:30:50,790 --> 01:30:48,639
and ladies and gentlemen we thank you

2471
01:30:53,189 --> 01:30:50,800
and go mars